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Item Massachusetts early care and education provider survey – recommendations from pilot surveys(2022-07-01) Wei, Wendy; Ha, YoonsookItem Child care providers’ experiences during COVID-19(2022-07-01) Ha, Yoonsook; Wei, Wendy; Joshi, Pam; Giapponi Schneider, KateItem COVID-19 shines a light on health inequities in communities of color: a youth-driven photovoice inquiry(Wiley, 2022-09) Augsberger, Astraea; Toraif, Noor; Young, Adrienne; Dimitri, Noelle C.; Bautista, Rosaylin; Pierre, Ja'Karri; Le, Catherine; Idahor, Osasenaga; Jusme, Calvin; Gergen Barnett, Katherine A.This manuscript reports on a youth-driven health assessment engaging youth of color in identifying community health priorities during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Photovoice, a participatory visual ethnographic health assessment strategy, was used to explore the question: What does health or healthiness mean to you and/or your community? Youth captured images that represented their priorities. The photos were discussed using the SHOWed framework and analyzed thematically. Four themes related to community health were identified. Additionally, youth captured their narrative of COVID-19 as "a revealing force that highlights systemic inequities, driving individuals and communities to both cultivate their resilience and take healthcare into their own hands in response to government and policy level failures." Youth are acutely aware of the historical and structural inequities that create multi-level barriers to healthcare access. Health inequities existed long before the pandemic, but the current crisis requires us to examine ways to transform the healthcare landscape moving forward.Item Neglect of young children in South Africa: implications for prevention, identification, and intervention(Child Welfare League of America, 2021-07-30) Azzi-Lessing, Lenette; Schmidt, KimThis paper examines child neglect among young children in South Africa, including the challenges in obtaining information regarding its incidence, the relationship between poverty and neglect, and the ways in which neglect in early life can cause harm. Results from a focus group of home visitors working with families of young children in South Africa illustrate the challenges in identifying and intervening in cases of child neglect. Conclusions and recommendations for addressing this problem are provided.Item Who are we missing? Examining the graduate record examination quantitative score as a barrier to admission into psychology doctoral programs for capable Ethnic minorities(American Psychological Association (APA), 2021-08) Gómez, Jennifer M.; Caño, Annmarie; Baltes, Boris B.The field of psychology must racially/ethnically diversify to create a workforce that can meet the needs of education, training, and interventions in an increasingly pluralistic society. Systemic bias in psychology doctoral programs' admissions process may partially account for relatively few psychologists being underrepresented minorities (URMs). The use of the Graduate Record Examination Quantitative score (GRE-Q) is one important modifiable barrier. The purpose of the current study is to go beyond replicating the association between the GRE-Q and desired doctoral outcomes by examining if a cut-off score for the GRE-Q as a proxy for potential to succeed in psychology doctoral programs disproportionately impacts URMs. Participants (N = 226) were psychology doctoral students at a Carnegie-classified Highest Research Activity (R1) large Midwestern university, who were admitted to graduate school from 2001 to 2011. Our findings show that, while controlling for undergraduate grade point average (GPA) and prior master's degree attainment, the GRE-Q predicted grades in two required graduate statistics courses and overall graduate GPA. Importantly, all students, regardless of their GRE-Q score, demonstrated competence in their statistics coursework, as assessed by their course grades. Moreover, we found that guidelines that bar admission into the psychology doctoral program for students with low GRE-Q scores would have disproportionately impacted URMs, resulting in 44% being barred admission versus only 17% of their White/Asian/Pacific Islander counterparts. Practical implications include introducing holistic review protocols into the admissions process, while educating faculty on how heavy emphasis on the GRE-Q contributes to inequitable exclusion of capable URMs.Item Gender, campus sexual violence, cultural betrayal, institutional betrayal, and institutional support in U.S. ethnic minority college students: a descriptive study(SAGE Publications, 2022-01) Gómez, Jennifer M.Women and ethnic minorities are at increased risk for campus sexual violence (CSV). Due to inequality, within-group victimization in marginalized communities includes cultural betrayal. Universities commit institutional betrayal (e.g., inadequate prevention) and institutional support (e.g., sensitivity). With a campus climate survey, the purpose of the study is to characterize, by gender, U.S. ethnic minority undergraduates' CSV, cultural and institutional betrayal, and institutional support. Participants (N = 222) were a random sample of ethnic minority undergraduates. College women experienced higher rates of CSV and institutional betrayal. Universities can implement a research agenda that centralizes the role of oppression in CSV.Item Mental health implications of the acting white accusation: the role of cultural betrayal and ethnic-racial identity among Black and Latina/o emerging adults(American Psychological Association (APA), 2022) Durkee, Myles I.; Gómez, Jennifer M.The "acting white" accusation (AWA) is a cultural invalidation commonly experienced by people of color that challenges their ethnic-racial authenticity for demonstrating behaviors that are not traditionally associated with their ethnic-racial group. Prior research shows that the AWA has negative implications for mental health and ethnic-racial identity (ERI). Cultural betrayal trauma theory also suggests that harmful events perpetrated by ingroup members have unique harm due to the violation of (intra)cultural trust. Prior research has yet to examine the distinct mental health implications of the AWA from ethnic-racial ingroup versus outgroup perpetrators. The present study examines this gap in the literature using longitudinal data and investigates whether ERI centrality moderates the relationship between AWA perpetrators and mental health outcomes. Emerging adults (N = 401; 43% Black, 57% Latina/o; 65% female) were recruited upon enrollment at five predominantly White universities in the Midwest U.S. and surveyed multiple times over their first year of college. Results indicated that AWA insults from ethnic-racial ingroup members were associated with more severe mental health outcomes (greater anxiety and depressive symptoms). Further, ERI centrality provided a protective buffering effect that reduced depressive symptoms, but this effect only occurred for students who received the AWA from White perpetrators and ERI centrality was not protective against AWA insults from ingroup perpetrators. Study findings highlight that specific AWA perpetrators and a person's level of ERI centrality should be taken into consideration when determining the best strategies for helping Black and Latina/o college students cope with cultural invalidations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).Item School support, chaos, routines, and parents' mental health during COVID-19 remote schooling(American Psychological Association (APA), 2022-03) McGoron, Lucy; Wargo Aikins, Julie; Trentacosta, Christopher J.; Gómez, Jennifer M.; Beeghly, MarjorieRemote schooling due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) created profound challenges for families. In this investigation, we examined parents' depression and anxiety during remote schooling and their associations with parents' reports of school support. We also evaluated indirect and interactive (i.e., moderation) associations. Participants were parents (N = 152, 92.8% mothers, 65.1% Black) from an urban area with high rates of COVID-19. Of the 152 parents, 27.6% reported elevated levels of depression and 34.2% reported elevated anxiety. Regression analyses showed that school support was negatively associated with parents' depression (β = -.33, p < .01) and anxiety (β = -.21, p < .01). There was an indirect association between school support and parents' mental health via household chaos and daily routines. Reported COVID-19 impact moderated the direct association between school support and parental depression and anxiety. There was a statistically significant association between school support and parents' depression and anxiety when COVID-19 impact was low or moderate, but not when COVID-19 impact was high. These results may suggest that for parents who were not highly impacted by the pandemic, school support buffered the association between stress and parents' mental health problems; parents most impacted by COVID-19 may need additional support. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).Item Violence victimization in Latina/o/x young adults: the multiplicative effects of cultural and high betrayal trauma(Informa UK Limited, 2022-05-09) Howard Valdivia, Rebecca L.; Ahrens, Courtney E.; Gómez, Jennifer M.Item When solidarity hurts: (Intra)cultural trust, cultural betrayal sexual trauma, and PTSD in culturally diverse minoritized youth transitioning to adulthood(SAGE Publications, 2022-06) Gómez, Jennifer M.Sexual trauma is associated with PTSD, with perpetrators putting women and girls more at risk than men and boys. Young adulthood is a time where risk of victimization and susceptibility to mental health problems increase. Certain contributors of costly trauma outcomes may be affected by the larger context of societal inequality. Cultural betrayal trauma theory (CBTT) highlights cultural betrayal in within-group trauma in minoritized populations as a dimension of harm that affects outcomes. In CBTT, within-group trauma violates the (intra)cultural trust-solidarity, love, loyalty, connection, responsibility-that is developed between group members to buffer against societal inequality. This violation, termed a cultural betrayal, can contribute to poorer mental health. The purpose of the current study is to address a gap in the CBTT literature by examining the role of (intra)cultural trust on the association between cultural betrayal sexual trauma and symptoms of PTSD among diverse minoritized youth transitioning to adulthood. Participants (N = 173) were diverse minoritized college students, who completed a 30-min online questionnaire at a location of their own choosing. Participants received course credit and could decline to answer any question without penalty. The results reveal that the interaction between cultural betrayal sexual trauma and (intra)cultural trust predicted clinically significant symptoms of PTSD. These findings have implications for increased cultural and contextual specificity in trauma research in minoritized populations, which can aid in the development and implementation of culturally competent interventions for diverse minoritized youth survivors of sexual trauma.Item Epistemic oppression, construct validity, and scientific rigor: commentary on Woo et al. (2022)(SAGE Publications, 2023-01) Gómez, Jennifer M.In this commentary, I highlight flaws in the article by Woo and colleagues (this issue) that undermine its credibility and utility as rigorous science that contributes to the field. I do so by discussing (a) the concept of epistemic oppression regarding the glaring exclusion of multiple germane bodies of research and (b) the importance of including construct validity within a psychometric article regarding the Graduate Record Examination (GRE). I conclude with a plea to the authors that the matter of anti-Black violence and murder, which they reference, is one to be taken respectfully, seriously, and somberly.Item Campus sexual harassment, other violence, and racism, oh my! Evidence from black women undergraduates for a culturally competent university approach to Title IX(SAGE Publications, 2022-07) Gómez, Jennifer M.Relevant for Title IX federal legislation, the purpose of the current study is to examine cultural betrayal (within-group perpetrator) and sexual harassment (SH) with other violence and racial discrimination on Black women undergraduates' mental health. In a 60-minute online study (N = 162), over 50% experienced campus SH and other violence and/or racial discrimination, with multi-victimization being related to anxiety and other mental health outcomes. Cultural betrayal SH did not predict mental health when controlling for between-group SH. Implications include the 2019 Critical-Interdisciplinary Sexual Violence Research Summit's comprehensive research agenda: Intersectional Approaches, Perpetration, Communications, Beyond Policy, and Sexual Violence and Equity.Item Development and initial validation of the Betrayal Blindness Questionnaires (BBQs)(Informa UK Limited, 2023-03-04) Gómez, Jennifer M.; Zounlome, Nelson O.O.; Noll, Laura K.Emerging adults of Color are at increased risk for interpersonal trauma, including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse (Porter & Williams, 2011). Understanding victims’ awareness of the existence and impact of their own trauma history is important for research and clinical work. However, because of trauma awareness processes (e.g., underreporting), it is challenging to accurately measure awareness of trauma. Based on betrayal trauma theory (Freyd, 1996), the concept of rotating betrayal blindness theorizes that awareness of past trauma may shift across contexts and time (Noll & Gómez, 2013). The purpose of the current study is to provide an initial validation of the Betrayal Blindness Questionnaires (BBQs) among a sample of emerging adults of Color with trauma histories using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). With its three questionnaires assessing past memory (PM-BBQ), current memory (CM-BBQ), and rotating betrayal blindness (R-BBQ), the BBQs measure the past and present impact of traumatic events, as well as how this impact may vary according to the theory of rotating betrayal blindness. Participants (N = 155) were college students of Color who completed the one-hour online survey at a location of their own choosing. Based on the EFA, the R-BBQ retained 19 items across 4 factors, the PM-BBQ retained 22 items across 4 factors, and the CM-BBQ retained18 items across 4 factors. The questionnaires demonstrated adequate to excellent reliability (α = .66-.95). The BBQs can be used in basic and applied research to better examine nonlinear changes to autobiographical memory for trauma.Item Campus sexual violence, gender, and mental health in diverse undergraduate/graduate students(Informa UK Limited, 2022-09-14) Gómez, Jennifer M.Item COVID impacts on U.S. youth workforce system: challenges and opportunities(Informa UK Limited, 2022-07-04) Collins, Mary Elizabeth; Kuykendall, Shamekka; Ramirez, Milagros; Spindle-Jackson, AdriannaItem Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use among college students in the United States, 2006-2019(Elsevier BV, 2022-12) Hai, Audrey Hang; Carey, Kate B.; Vaughn, Michael G.; Lee, Christina S.; Franklin, Cynthia; Salas-Wright, Christopher P.OBJECTIVE: Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use exposes college students to a myriad of adverse consequences. However, there is no recent nationally representative study on SAM use among college students in the United States (US). To provide an update to the literature, the present study aimed to examine the trends, prevalence, and correlates of SAM use among US college students between 2006 and 2019, using nationally representative data. METHOD: We used data from the 2006-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and the analytic sample was limited to the 55,669 full-time college student respondents (ages 18-22). Using logistic regression analysis, we assessed trends in SAM use prevalence and examined sociodemographic and psycho-social-behavioral correlates of SAM use. RESULTS: The proportion of US college students who reported SAM use increased significantly from 8.13% (2006-2010) to 8.44% (2015-2019). However, examination by race/ethnicity revealed that the increasing trend was largely driven by Black college students, whose SAM use prevalence increased significantly from 5.50% (2006-2010) to 9.30% (2015-2019), reflecting a 69.09% increase. SAM use rates did not change significantly among other racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study uncovered an upward trend and prevalence of SAM use among US college students, calling for more research and public health interventions in this area. At-risk subgroups that warrant more attention include college students who are Black, female, above the legal drinking age, have a lower than $20,000 household income, and reside in small metropolitan areas.Item Distinguishing between demographics and contextual factors linked to early childhood physical discipline and physical maltreatment among Black families(Elsevier, 2019-06-07) Scott, Judith C.; Pinderhughes, Ellen E.BACKGROUND: Despite persistent discouragement from professionals, U.S. parents, especially Black parents, highly endorse physical discipline, which also is a risk factor for physical maltreatment. Few studies have examined physical discipline heterogeneity or maltreatment, and predictive demographic and contextual factors within the same population. OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study aimed to identify subgroups of Black parents’ use of early childhood physical discipline. It also examined whether demographic and contextual factors’ relations with physical discipline were similar or different from those with physical maltreatment. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 310 Black parents from three geographically-distinct high-risk U.S. communities participated in home-based interview and survey data collection. METHODS: We conducted latent class analyses to identify sub-groups among Black parents characterized by physical discipline frequency and type. Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars method and binary logistic regression were conducted to examine relations between demographic and contextual factors (child gender, family income, marital status, parental education, family stress and perceived neighborhood safety), discipline and maltreatment. RESULTS: Three physical discipline classes, which differed in frequency and type, were identified among Black parents. Only income was significantly related to both discipline (x2=18.97, p<.001) and maltreatment (OR=1.03, p<.01). Child gender (x2=6.66, p<.01), never-married status (x2=13.94, p<.001), parental education (x2=10.32, p<.001), and neighborhood safety (x2=7.57, p<.01) also significantly related to discipline. Family stress was significantly related to physical maltreatment (OR=1.42, p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Differing demographic and contextual factor relations with physical discipline and maltreatment within a Black population should be considered when identifying parents at-risk.Item Behavioral health emergencies encountered by community paramedics: lessons from the field and opportunities for skills advancement(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2020-02-03) Keefe, Bronwyn; Carolan, Kelsi; Wint, Amy J.; Goudreau, Matthew; Scott Cluett, W.; Iezzoni, Lisa I.INTRODUCTION: When an individual calls 911 because of a behavioral health emergency, paramedics may be the first health care professional on scene to address that crisis. Traditionally, the paramedic profession has been educated to respond to life-threatening medical emergencies.1 Paramedics are increasingly expected to respond to behavioral health crises but may not be adequately prepared to do so. 1 There has been limited research regarding paramedics’ experiences, attitudes, and perceptions about responding to behavioral health crises, with a particular dearth of literature on this subject from the USA. 1,2,3,4,5 As the first point of contact, paramedics may influence the quality of care individuals experiencing behavioral health emergencies receive, rendering this gap in knowledge concerning. 1,4 Paramedics encounter a range of behavioral health crises, from individuals who have self-harmed, substance use, to older adults experiencing social isolation. 6,7 This study aimed to answer the following questions: Do paramedics feel well prepared to respond to behavioral health crises? How do paramedics describe the challenges and facilitators involved in responding to these situations? What are the skills they use to respond to these situations? The present study examined paramedics’ experiences and perceptions regarding behavioral health emergencies, aiming to address a significant gap in the literature on paramedics’ ability to respond to the needs of individuals experiencing behavioral health crises. BACKGROUND: Limited research based in the UK, Europe, and Australia has examined the extent to which paramedics feel equipped by their training to respond to situations of a behavioral health nature, with a marked lack of USA-based research in this area. In a survey of members of the College of Paramedics (UK), 98% of the 623 respondents endorsed the need for increased mental health education and training. 2 Paramedic training curriculums in the UK have evolved to incorporate more of an emphasis on behavioral health, yet whether or not this behavioral health training is effective has not yet been investigated. 1 Several Australian studies investigated paramedic perceptions of their mental health training and decision-making during mental health emergencies.5,8. Paramedic participants reported inadequate mental health training and indicated a need for increased education on mental illness, particularly regarding possible treatment options that are feasible as part of prehospital care.8. Paramedics described relying more on intuition than education when faced with challenging cases.5 In a mixed methods study, Australian paramedics reported the need for more education on how to adequately respond to older adults experiencing complex mental health crises including depression, social isolation, and food insecurity.7 Limited research has explored paramedic perceptions, attitudes, and experiences responding to behavioral health emergencies, but the existing research indicates that many emergency healthcare providers consider physical health emergencies more valuable or important than behavioral health emergencies.8,9,10 Studies indicate that paramedic students do not consider training in mental health issues as relevant to the profession,1 with an Australian study of paramedic undergraduate students indicating a lower level of regard for those with intellectual disabilities, substance abuse disorders, or acute mental illness compared to students studying in other health professions.11 A multi-site, qualitative study based in Paris, France and New York, New York examined how social and professional values influenced prehospital emergency workers’ responses.9 The authors found that patients deemed to have lower social value were lower priority to emergency providers, with cases involving substance use or calls from lower socioeconomic areas, for instance, regarded as less legitimate uses of emergency services.9 Notably, situations that required more complex or heroic medical or surgical actions were also attributed higher value by emergency healthcare workers.9 Greater importance was attributed to medical (versus behavioral health) emergencies across additional studies, with paramedic participants implying that behavioral health calls were not valid emergencies,5 and with paramedic participants indicating that their role is mainly to transport—not to treat—individuals experiencing behavioral health crises.8 Additionally, paramedic participants perceived their services as often used inappropriately for behavioral health emergencies due to the limited availability of more appropriate behavioral health services.8 Related research regarding the perceptions of emergency department physicians and nurses in the USA also revealed a greater value placed on physical versus behavioral health emergencies, as well as perceptions that certain crises (such as self-harm) were less valid, or less worthy of emergency treatment.10 This is particularly concerning given that emergency department healthcare providers interact with a substantial number of persons seeking behavioral health emergency care: in 2015, approximately 4.1% of visits to an emergency department were related to diagnosed mental health disorders (approximately 5,666,000 visits).12 The number of emergency department visits related to opioid overdose increased by 29.7% in the USA between July 2016 and September 2017.13 Emergency healthcare workers are treating a significant number of behavioral health emergencies, rendering improved understanding of healthcare providers’ perceptions and attitudes towards this population crucial. Existing research into the perceptions of experienced paramedic practitioners regarding behavioral health emergencies is limited.1,3,4 With the exception of a multi-site study based in New York, New York and Paris, France,9 a thorough review of the extant literature failed to unearth research on the perceptions and experiences of paramedics responding to behavioral health crises in the USA. This is a particularly significant gap, as differences in paramedic education, relevant behavioral health legislation, and culture may exist across countries. The present study used qualitative analyses of in-depth interviews of practicing paramedics to address this gap by examining paramedics’ perceptions and experiences responding to behavioral health crises in the USA. METHODS: This study was part of a Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) contract funding an examination of the Acute Community Care Program (ACCP) at Commonwealth Care Alliance (CCA). The Acute Community Care Program is a state-funded community paramedicine intervention for the patients of CCA, in conjunction with EasCare Ambulance Company. INTERVIEW GUIDE AND RECRUITMENT: The research team, which included experienced paramedics at EasCare Ambulance Company, worked together to create an open-ended guide to interview paramedics. The interview protocol consisted of six sections: (1) history of career as paramedic, (2) current skills and job experiences, (3) views of paramedic experience, (4) career goals, (5) final questions and wrap up, and (6) demographics. The research team revised the original guide after several pilot interviews and based on feedback from key informants, namely seasoned paramedic supervisors from the research team. Interviews with paramedics lasted approximately 1 h and were conducted over the phone by either the PI or Co-PI, who are experienced in qualitative research. The research team intended to interview 25 paramedics who would be identified through two large ambulance companies in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts. The director at these ambulance companies asked their paramedics on staff if they would be willing to be interviewed and, if they agreed, the director gave us their contact information. Six paramedics who had initially agreed could not be reached, and arrangements were made with one paramedic who did not follow through with the interview. In total, the researchers conducted telephone interviews with 23 paramedics, after receiving verbal informed consent to perform and record the interview. Participants were mailed a $50 gift card to thank them for their time. Professional transcription service transcribed digital recordings verbatim, and the project manager reviewed all transcripts against the digital recording, making small corrections as needed. DATA ANALYSIS: Audiotapes of the sessions were analyzed by three research team members. A thematic analysis approach was utilized, starting with familiarization with the data, generating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and producing a final analysis.14 The researchers worked both separately and collaboratively, working individually at each stage of the process and then coming together to compare results in order to ensure the validity of identified themes. Early readings of the transcript data allowed the researchers to develop preliminary ideas regarding potential themes. Each researcher then thoroughly analyzed the individual transcripts, generating initial codes and beginning to search for themes both within and across documents. During this stage, the researchers met frequently to compare and contrast the results of each individual’s analysis, reviewing emerging themes and collaborating to refine themes into a coherent set. To asses inter-rater reliability, two un-read transcripts were reviewed by all team members and coded independently, followed by meetings as a research team to compare coding decisions on each transcript and reconcile any discrepancies. This rigorous process helped to ensure strong inter-rater reliability as we were able to gain consensus in our coding process for all other transcripts. Researchers individually arranged transcript data verbatim into groups of initial themes, and a master document was then created collaboratively, which outlined each finalized theme and included transcript excerpts embodying each theme. Memo-writing was employed throughout the analytic process to document coding decisions.15 As a final check for validity, the two experienced paramedic supervisors from the research team reviewed the themes and subthemes and provided feedback about the findings. The paramedic supervisors confirmed that these themes were what they might have expected the data to reveal, further validating the findings. RESULTS: Table 1 shows demographic characteristics of the 23 participants. Results for this paper will focus on three themes identified in the data analysis. Namely, paramedics (1) report frequently working with patients who are having a behavioral health crisis, (2) report having inadequate behavioral health training, and (3) have many difficulties managing these patients, relying primarily on their professional experiences and/or strong interpersonal skills rather than explicit training to address patients’ needs (see Table 2).Item Assessing antiracism as a learning outcome in social work education(IUPUI University Library) Copeland, Phillipe; Ross, AbigailThe current political climate and reversals of gains made during the Civil Rights Movement underscore the urgent need for preparing emerging social workers to effectively address white supremacy in social work practice. Antiracism education in social work aims to ensure competent antiracist social work practice towards the goal of eradicating white supremacy in all its forms. Given the widening racial disparities evident in income, health and educational outcomes, it is essential to examine the degree to which social work education adequately prepares emerging social work practitioners to engage in antiracist social work practice. This paper presents findings of a systematic review of social work research assessing antiracism as a learning outcome. After reviewing more than 150 studies published between 2008 and 2018, none of them focused on assessing antiracism as a learning outcome. Our review demonstrates that despite the importance of antiracist social work practice, published research on assessment of antiracism as a learning outcome is sparse and is not antiracism-focused as much as it is antiracism-inclusive. More attention to identifying and disseminating best practices for assessing student competence in antiracism practice is required to defeat white supremacy.Item A rising tide drowns unstable boats: how inequality creates homelessness(SAGE Publications, 2021-01) Byrne, Thomas H.; Henwood, Benjamin F.; Orlando, Anthony W.Is income inequality a driver of homelessness at the community level? We theorize that inequality affects homelessness both by crowding out low-income households from the rental market (what we call an “income channel”) and by causing home prices to rise (a “price channel”). We construct a dataset of information on inequality, homelessness, rent burden, and housing prices in 239 communities from 2007 to 2018 and use it to assess the income inequality–homelessness relationship. Our results suggest that income inequality is a significant driver of community homelessness and that the “income channel” is the more likely mechanism through which homelessness is created. We argue that broader policy efforts to reduce income inequality are likely to have the collateral effect of reducing homelessness, and we discuss the need for national and local policies to help low-income households afford housing.