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Item The last Brahmin: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. and the making of the Cold war(University of California Press, 2022-01-01) Holm, MichaelItem Preserving the positive student outcomes of CUREs through disruption: implications for remote learning(Elon University, 2022-01-07) Cohen, Kristina; Wright, Mary C.; Johnson, Mark; Lawrence, StaceyWe evaluated how faculty adapted course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) to remote instruction and compared student outcomes with CUREs offered in-person in prior semesters. Our findings suggest that partially remote CUREs can be as effective as face-to-face CUREs and provide evidence supporting the potential benefits of CUREs in hybrid or remote learning contexts.Item Cosmic visions: bridging science and art(Boston Univeristy, 2021-07-12) Henebry, Chuck; Baublitz, MillardSince the dawn of recorded history, stargazing has shaped—and been shaped by—our understanding of the universe and the place of humans within it. Though we tend to conceptualize art and science as separate spheres, the observation of the heavens has always been interwoven with culture, and artists and astronomers continue to draw inspiration from one another even today. The authors of this paper, over the past few years, have developed and team-taught an interdisciplinary course titled Cosmic Visions: The Science of Astronomy and the Arts. Our course traces the shared, often symbiotic, history of these two ways of knowing, combining scientific instruction with examination of art in a range of genres and traditions, including visual art, music, and theater. Each week students engage in discussions, listen to lectures, and consider readings related to both the science of astronomy and the role of celestial objects in literature and the arts. A midterm and a final exam test students’ mastery of the science, while short essays on works of art and literature challenge them to think about how our changing understanding of heavenly bodies intersects with changing beliefs about humanity. The course culminates in an art project in which students express their own vision of the cosmos and our place within it. What happens when students employ humanistic modes of analysis in company with scientific ones? How does artistic expression change students’ apprehension of scientific concepts? This short essay offers preliminary answers to these deep pedagogical questions.Item A concise review of lobster utilization by worldwide human populations from prehistory to the modern era(OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2015-07-01) Spanier, Ehud; Lavalli, Kari L.; Goldstein, Jason S.; Groeneveld, Johan C.; Jordaan, Gareth L.; Jones, Clive M.; Phillips, Bruce F.; Bianchini, Marco L.; Kibler, Rebecca D.; Diaz, David; Mallol, Sandra; Goni, Raquel; van Der Meeren, Gro I.; Agnalt, Ann-Lissbeth; Behringer, Donald C.; Keegan, William F.; Jeffs, AndrewLobsters are important resources throughout the world's oceans, providing food security, employment, and a trading commodity. Whereas marine biologists generally focus on modern impacts of fisheries, here we explore the deep history of lobster exploitation by prehistorical humans and ancient civilizations, through the first half of the 20th century. Evidence of lobster use comprises midden remains, artwork, artefacts, writings about lobsters, and written sources describing the fishing practices of indigenous peoples. Evidence from archaeological dig sites is potentially biased because lobster shells are relatively thin and easily degraded in most midden soils; in some cases, they may have been used as fertilizer for crops instead of being dumped in middens. Lobsters were a valuable food and economic resource for early coastal peoples, and ancient Greek and Roman Mediterranean civilizations amassed considerable knowledge of their biology and fisheries. Before European contact, lobsters were utilized by indigenous societies in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand at seemingly sustainable levels, even while other fish and molluscan species may have been overfished. All written records suggest that coastal lobster populations were dense, even in the presence of abundant and large groundfish predators, and that lobsters were much larger than at present. Lobsters gained a reputation as “food for the poor” in 17th and 18th century Europe and parts of North America, but became a fashionable seafood commodity during the mid-19th century. High demand led to intensified fishing effort with improved fishing gear and boats, and advances in preservation and long-distance transport. By the early 20th century, coastal stocks were overfished in many places and average lobster size was significantly reduced. With overfishing came attempts to regulate fisheries, which have varied over time and have met with limited success.Item The elementary particles of quantum fields(2021-10-28) Jaeger, GreggThe elementary particles of relativistic quantum field theory are not simple field quanta, as has long been assumed. Rather, they supplement quantum fields, on which they depend on but to which they are not reducible, as shown here with particles defined instead as a unified collection of properties that appear in both physical symmetry group representations and field propagators. This notion of particle provides consistency between the practice of particle physics and its basis in quantum field theory.Item Gender reversals in social networks based on prevailing kinship norms in the Mosuo of China(2021-04-09) Mattison, Siobhan M.; Reynolds, Adam; Liu, Ruizhe; Baca, Gabrielle D.; Zhang, Meng; Sum, Chun-YiAlthough cooperative social networks are considered key to human evolution, emphasis has usually been placed on the functions of men’s cooperative networks. What do women’s networks look like? Do they differ from men’s networks and what does this suggest about evolutionarily inherited gender differences in reproductive and social strategies? In this paper, we test the ‘universal gender differences’ hypothesis positing gender-specific network structures against the ‘gender reversal’ hypothesis that posits that women’s networks look more ‘masculine’ under matriliny. Specifically, we ask whether men’s friendship networks are always larger than women’s networks and we investigate measures of centrality by gender and descent system. To do so, we use tools from social network analysis and data on men’s and women’s friendship ties in matrilineal and patrilineal Mosuo communities. In tentative support of the gender reversal hypothesis, we find that women’s friendship networks in matriliny are relatively large. Measures of centrality and generalized linear models otherwise reveal greater differences between communities than between men and women. The data and analyses we present are primarily descriptive given limitations of sample size and sampling strategy. Nonetheless, our results provide support for the flexible application of social relationships across genders and clearly challenge the predominant narrative of universal gender differences across space and time.Item Fiction(Oxford University Press, 2020-12-20) McKnight, Natalie; Larsen, TimothyThe most lasting Christmas fiction tends to use Christmas as a setting not as the main subject and to draw from the warmth and sensory onslaught of the holidays and on friends and families gathering, not on the specific religious origins of the holiday. Yet religious themes persist in Christmas fiction right up to the present day, even when the stories take place in fantasy worlds, such as in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter stories and C. S. Lewis’ Narnia. This chapter is not comprehensive in its coverage but instead focuses on those works that seem to have had the greatest cultural impact, including those of Washington Irving, Charles Dickens, E. T. A. Hoffmann, Hans Christian Andersen, and Louisa May Alcott.Item Using evolutionary theory to hypothesize a transition from patriliny to matriliny and back again among the ethnic Mosuo of Southwest China(International Network for Training, Education, and Research on Culture, 2021-03-12) Mattison, Siobhan M.; Sum, Chun-Yi; Reynolds, Adam Z.; Baca, Gabrielle D.; Blumenfield, Tami; Niedbalski, Sara; Liu, Ruizhe; Zhang, Meng; Liu, Lige; Wei, Lin; Su, Mingjie; Li, Hui; Shenk, Mary K.; Wander, KatherineTransitions to matriliny are said to be relatively rare. This evidence is sometimes used to support arguments that perceive matriliny as a problematic and unstable system of kinship. In this article, we use an evolutionary perspective to trace changes in kinship to and from matriliny among the Mosuo of Southwest China as potentially adaptive. The Mosuo are famous for practicing a relatively rare form of female-biased kinship involving matrilineal descent and inheritance, natalocal residence, and a non-marital reproductive system (‘walking marriage’ or sese). Less well documented is their patrilineal subpopulation, who practice male-biased, patrilineal inheritance and descent, patrilocal residence, and exclusive marriage. Our analysis supports the existence of a prior transition to matriliny at least a millennium ago among Mosuo residing in the Yongning Basin, followed by a subsequent transition to patriliny among Mosuo residing in the more rugged mountainous terrain near Labai. We argue that these transitions make sense in light of economic, social, and political conditions that disfavor versus favor disproportionate investments in men, in matriliny versus patriliny, respectively. We conclude that additional evidence of such transitions would shed light on explanations of variation in kinship and that convergent approaches involving analysis of genetic, archaeological, and ethnohistorical data would provide holistic understandings of kinship and social change.Item The dynamic classroom: using ‘Reacting to the Past’ in active interdisciplinary courses(2020) Lamontagne, KathrynImagine a classroom where a trumpet-playing student leads a march through the halls of their academic building while playing the “Internationale,” or the class walls are covered with student-created propaganda advocating for women’s suffrage. This same classroom will be the site of weeks of debate, laughter, and dismay as students take part in the gamified role-playing pedagogy of Reacting to the Past (RTTP). Reacting to the Past was developed at Barnard by Mark Carnes in the late 1990s and has slowly grown in practice to over 400 campuses with a game library spanning hundreds of years and topics. This pedagogy employs a number of learning styles such as lecture (passive), role-playing (active), creative (active), and speeches (active/rhetorical). A dynamic hybrid (and ‘flipped’) classroom can be achieved using RTTP with careful planning, ‘character’ assignments, and creating student buy-in. In this article, I begin by outlining how the pedagogy itself works and current scholarship on RTTP. Then drawing on my past experience teaching introductory, interdisciplinary general studies (core program) courses (history/political science with a British Atlantic scope), I will recount how I integrated numerous expected learning outcomes for assessment using RTTP, and most specifically Mary Jane Treacy’s exceptional game, Greenwich Village, 1913: Suffrage, Labor, and the New Woman (2015). I will revisit how myself and others have used experiential education as part of this work. Further, I will outline the successes and drawbacks of the RTTP pedagogy in a general studies introductory classes across the social sciences (which focus on history, politics, economics, sociology) and make suggestions for adopting the methodology in existing academic curriculum. In doing so, I will recount the moments of synergy and synthesis in RTTP that create a provocative, active student-centered classroom.Item Penguins and seals transport limiting nutrients between offshore pelagic and coastal regions of Antarctica under changing sea ice(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2020-11-04) Wing, Stephen R.; Wing, Lucy C.; O’Connell-Milne, Sorrel A.; Barr, David; Stokes, Dale; Genovese, Sal; Leichter, James J.Large animals such as sea birds and marine mammals can transport limiting nutrients between different regions of the ocean, thereby stimulating and enhancing productivity. In Antarctica this process is influenced by formation and breakup of sea ice and its influence on the feeding behaviour of predators and their prey. We used analyses of bioactive metals (for example, Fe, Co, Mn), macronutrients (for example, N) and stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in the excreta of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) as well as Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) from multiple sites, among multiple years (2012–2014) to resolve how changes in sea ice dynamics, as indicated by MODIS satellite images, were coincident with prey switching and likely changes in nutrient fluxes between the offshore pelagic and coastal zones. We also sampled excreta of the south polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki), which preys on penguins and scavenges the remains of both penguins and seals. We found strong coincidence of isotopic evidence for prey switching, between euphausiids (Euphausia superba and E. crystallorophias) and pelagic/cryopelagic fishes (for example, Pleuragramma antarcticum) in penguins, and between pelagic/cryopelagic fishes and Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) in Weddell seals, with changes in sea ice cover among years. Further, prey switching was strongly linked to changes in the concentrations of nutrients (Fe and N) deposited in coastal environments by both penguins and seals. Our findings have important implications for understanding how the roles of large animals in supporting coastal productivity may shift with environmental conditions in polar ecosystems.Item Localizability and elementary particles(IOP Publishing, 2020-10) Jaeger, GreggThe well-definedness of particles of any kind depends on the limits, approximations, or other conditions that may or may not be involved, for example, whether there are interactions and whether ostensibly related energy is localizable. In particular, their theoretical status differs between its non-relativistic and relativistic versions: One can properly define interacting elementary particles in single-system non-relativistic quantum mechanics, at least in the case of non-zero mass systems; by contrast, one is severely challenged to define even these properly in the relativistic quantum field theories that now underlie the study of particle physics. Here, the impact of localizability on this status is reviewed in relation to the work of Paul Busch on positive operator valued measures that significantly probes the relevance of quantum unsharpness to it.Item Comment: words fail, but the heart does not(University of Chicago Press, 2020-08-01) Sum, ChunThis article explores the angst of deeply committed volunteers in China, engaging with anthropological debates on ethics under conditions of “moral breakdown.” Under market socialism, sacrificial volunteering is both ideologically glorified and socially deviant, placing volunteers at the point of dissonance between conflicting moral discourses. Interrogating the monolithic governmentality perspective that informs most anthropological studies of volunteering, we highlight the “fractured governmentality” that prevails in contemporary China, where contradictory modes of ethical subjectivization structurally generate moral breakdown. Volunteers are caught between the moral imperatives of altruistic sacrifice derived from China’s socialist revolutionary tradition and “neoliberal” utilitarianism derived from market rationality. Unable to articulate their commitment in reference to either moral code, they are at a loss for words and produce an ethics of emotional authenticity that resists incorporation into any discursive ethical system. Instead of public engagement, volunteering becomes a private, misunderstood, and unspoken personal choice, an emotional act or a concealed “faith” that warrants no ethical justification. Undermining the dichotomy between the inertia of moral habitus and the reflexive ethics of creative agency that structures much of the anthropological theorization of moralities, the Chinese volunteers point to what we call an embodied “ethics of the heart.”Item High‐altitude adaptations mitigate risk for hypertension and diabetes‐associated anemia(Wiley, 2020-06) Wander, Katherine; Su, Mingjie; Mattison, Peter M.; Sum, Chun‐Yi; Witt, Christopher C.; Shenk, Mary K.; Blumenfield, Tami; Li, Hui; Mattison, Siobhán M.BACKGROUND: Human populations native to high altitude exhibit numerous genetic adaptations to hypobaric hypoxia. Among Tibetan plateau peoples, these include increased vasodilation and uncoupling of erythropoiesis from hypoxia. OBJECTIVE/METHODS: We tested the hypothesis that these high‐altitude adaptations reduce risk for hypertension and diabetes‐associated anemia among the Mosuo, a Tibetan‐descended population in the mountains of Southwest China that is experiencing rapid economic change and increased chronic disease risk. RESULTS: Hypertension was substantially less common among Mosuo than low‐altitude Han populations, and models fit to the Han predicted higher probability of hypertension than models fit to the Mosuo. Diabetes was positively associated with anemia among the Han, but not the Mosuo. CONCLUSION: The Mosuo have lower risk for hypertension and diabetes‐associated anemia than the Han, supporting the hypothesis that high‐altitude adaptations affecting blood and circulation intersect with chronic disease processes to lower risk for these outcomes. As chronic diseases continue to grow as global health concerns, it is important to investigate how they may be affected by local genetic adaptations.Item Patterns of paternal investment predict cross-cultural variation in jealous response(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2020-01) Scelza, Brooke A.; Prall, Sean P.; Blumenfield, Tami; Crittenden, Alyssa N.; Gurven, Michael; Kline, Michelle; Koster, Jeremy; Kushnick, Geoff; Mattison, Siobhán M.; Pillsworth, Elizabeth; Shenk, Mary K.; Starkweather, Kathrine; Stieglitz, Jonathan; Sum, Chun-Yi; Yamaguchi, Kyoko; McElreath, RichardLong-lasting, romantic partnerships are a universal feature of human societies, but almost as ubiquitous is the risk of instability when one partner strays. Jealous response to the threat of infidelity is well studied, but most empirical work on the topic has focused on a proposed sex difference in the type of jealousy (sexual or emotional) that men and women find most upsetting, rather than on how jealous response varies^1,2. This stems in part from the predominance of studies using student samples from industrialized populations, which represent a relatively homogenous group in terms of age, life history stage and social norms^3,4. To better understand variation in jealous response, we conducted a 2-part study in 11 populations (1,048 individuals). In line with previous work, we find a robust sex difference in the classic forced-choice jealousy task. However, we also show substantial variation in jealous response across populations. Using parental investment theory, we derived several predictions about what might trigger such variation. We find that greater paternal investment and lower frequency of extramarital sex are associated with more severe jealous response. Thus, partner jealousy appears to be a facultative response, reflective of the variable risks and costs of men’s investment across societies.Item Kinship ties across the lifespan in human communities(The Royal Society, 2019-09-02) Koster, Jeremy; Lukas, Dieter; Nolin, David; Power, Eleanor; Alvergne, Alexandra; Mace, Ruth; Ross, Cody T.; Kramer, Karen; Greaves, Russell; Caudell, Mark; MacFarlan, Shane; Schniter, Eric; Quinlan, Robert; Mattison, Siobhan; Reynolds, Adam; Yi-Sum, Chun; Massengill, EricA hypothesis for the evolution of long post-reproductive lifespans in the human lineage involves asymmetries in relatedness between young immigrant females and the older females in their new groups. In these circumstances, inter-generational reproductive conflicts between younger and older females are predicted to resolve in favour of the younger females, who realize fewer inclusive fitness benefits from ceding reproduction to others. This conceptual model anticipates that immigrants to a community initially have few kin ties to others in the group, gradually showing greater relatedness to group members as they have descendants who remain with them in the group. We examine this prediction in a cross-cultural sample of communities, which vary in their sex-biased dispersal patterns and other aspects of social organization. Drawing on genealogical and demographic data, the analysis provides general but not comprehensive support for the prediction that average relatedness of immigrants to other group members increases as they age. In rare cases, natal members of the community also exhibit age-related increases in relatedness. We also find large variation in the proportion of female group members who are immigrants, beyond simple traditional considerations of patrilocality or matrilocality, which raises questions about the circumstances under which this hypothesis of female competition are met. We consider possible explanations for these heterogenous results, and we address methodological considerations that merit increased attention for research on kinship and reproductive conflict in human societies.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals’.Item Research and best practices to support students with incarcerated parents(Oxford University Press, 2020-02-01) Sullivan, Megan; Rosen, Eric; Hull, RobertThe understanding of the relationship between a parent’s incarceration and a child’s outcomes has continued to evolve since the 1950s. Until very recently, however, most researchers have undertaken small-scale studies focused on the period when the parent is imprisoned, and most advocates and practitioners have had few resources at their disposal. All educators benefit from understanding how and why children of incarcerated parents may need support and from recognizing gaps in research. This chapter addresses developmental and other associated outcomes of parental incarceration and offers concrete practices schools can use to support children. In order to most effectively help students, school-based professionals should recognize the myriad ways parental incarceration impacts children’s emotional, physical, social and academic well-being.Item Item Evangelical violence: Western Christianity and the use of force against the Third World(Informa UK Limited, 2019-02) Rhodes, ChristopherItem No time off for good behaviour: the persistence of Victorian expectations of wives(Demeter Press, 2019-09) McKnight, Natalie; Hallstein, Lynn; Bromwich, RebeccaThis interdisciplinary volume opens an innovative space for critical discussion, and production of new imaginaries within, feminist scholarship, analysis and feminist politics, about what is and has been meant by, involved in, required of, ...Item Description of pereiopod setae of scyllarid lobsters, Scyllarides aequinoctialis, Scyllarides latus, and Scyllarides nodifer, with observations on the feeding during consumption of bivalves and gastropods(ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI, 2018-07-01) Lavalli, Kari L.; Malcom, Cassandra N.; Goldstein, Jason S.The morphological and behavioral aspects of slipper lobster (Scyllaridae) feeding have remained largely unexplored. Using scanning electron microscopy, the gross morphological structure of all segments of the pereiopods were described for three species of scyllarid lobsters. Five types of setae within three broad categories were found: simple (long and miniature), cuspidate (robust and conate), and teasel (a type of serrulate setae). Setae were arranged in a highly-organized, row-like pattern on the ventral and dorsal surfaces. Cuspidate setae were found on all surfaces of all segments. Simple setae were found only on the dactyl, whereas teazel setae were concentrated on the lateral-most edge of the alate carina on the merus in only one species [Scyllarides aequinoctialis (Lund, 1793)]; this species also differed from the other two [Scyllarides nodifer (Stimpson, 1866), Scyllarides latus (Latreille, 1803)] in setal patterning. All examined slipper lobsters differed in setal types and patterns from nephropid and palinurid lobsters, likely due to the more rigorous use of their pereiopods in accessing food. Feeding sequences of two of the slipper lobster species were videotaped and analyzed, and demonstrated a complex set of behaviors involving contact chemoreception by the antennules as part of an initial assessment of the food item, followed by extensive manipulation, probing, and eventual wedging behavior by the pereiopods as previously described for Scyllarides. Use of the antennules for food assessment and heavy reliance on the pereiopods, rather than the mouthparts, for food handling contrasts with nephropid and palinurid lobsters.