CAS: Global Studies: Scholarly Papers
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Item How to keep it adequate: a protocol for ensuring validity in agent-based simulation(Elsevier BV, 2023-01) Troost, Christian; Huber, Robert; Bell, Andrew Reid; van Delden, Hedwig; Filatova, Tatiana; Le, Quang Bao; Lippe, Melvin; Niamir, Leila; Polhill, J. Gareth; Sun, Zhanli; Berger, ThomasItem Unwanted family planning: prevalence estimates for 56 countries(Wiley, 2023-03) Canning, David; Karra, MaheshWhile there is a large literature on the prevalence of unmet need for family planning, there is no matching quantitative evidence on the prevalence of unwanted family planning; all contraceptive use is assumed to represent a "met need." This lack of evidence raises concerns that some observed contraceptive use may be undesired and coercive. We provide estimates of unwanted family planning using Demographic and Health Survey data collected from 1,546,987 women in 56 low- and middle-income countries between 2011 and 2019. We estimate the prevalence of unwanted family planning, defined as the proportion of women who report wanting a child in the next nine months but who are using contraception. We find that 12.2 percent of women have an unmet need for family planning, while 2.1 percent have unwanted family planning, with estimated prevalence rates ranging from 0.4 percent in Gambia to 7.1 percent in Jordan. About half of unwanted family planning use can be attributed to condoms, withdrawal, and abstinence. Estimating the prevalence of unwanted family planning is difficult given current data collection efforts, which are not designed for this purpose. We recommend that future surveys probe the reasons for the use of family planning.Item Measurement of unmet need for contraception: a counterfactual approach(Wiley, 2022-12) Karra, MaheshUnmet need plays a critical role in reproductive health research, evaluation, and advocacy. Although conceptually straightforward, its estimation suffers from a number of methodological limitations, most notably its reliance on biased measures of women's stated fertility preferences. We propose a counterfactual-based approach to measuring unmet need at the population level. Using data from 56 countries, we calculate unmet need in a population as the difference between: (1) the observed contraceptive prevalence in the population; and (2) the calculated contraceptive prevalence in a subsample of women who are identified to be from "ideal" family planning environments. Women from "ideal" environments are selected on characteristics that signal their contraceptive autonomy and decision-making over family planning. We find significant differences between our approach and existing methods to calculating unmet need, and we observe variation across countries when comparing indicators. We argue that our indicator of unmet need is preferable to existing population-level indicators due to its independence from biases that are generated from the use of reported preference measures, the simplicity with which it can be derived, and its relevance for cross-country comparisons as well as context-specific analyses.Item Japanese aspirations for the Indo-Pacific economic order(Korea Economic Institute of America, 2022) Grimes, William[Since the 1960s, postwar Japan has been trying in various ways to define its role as a regional power. While its goal of achieving economic and political stability via regional cooperation has been fairly consistent, the definition of “region” has shifted at multiple points in response to political and economic trends and events of the day. To complicate matters further, government and business elites have often defined Japan’s region in multiple ways at the same time. Today, one of Japan’s key competing visions of region is the “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” (FOIP), made up of a partially-contiguous geography that spans three continents, from India to the west to the United States to the east and Australia to the south. The FOIP reflects patterns of inclusion and exclusion that reflect political and security imperatives more than economic integration. This marks an important shift in Japan’s regional strategy, which had long elevated economic considerations above security concerns.]Item Manifesting the embedded developmental state: the role of South Korea’s National Pension Service in managing financial crisis(Informa UK Limited, 2022-12-07) Lee, Yaechan; Grimes, William W.Financial liberalization has noticeably reduced the role of the state in effectively influencing the economy in post-developmental states. Yet many studies have found that the legacies of the developmental model continue to influence the policies, institutions, and socioeconomic challenges that are faced by the states that previously adopted the model. These studies, however, do not clearly identify when and how such legacies may be manifested in state behavior. This paper contributes to filling this gap in the literature by arguing that financial crises can serve as a trigger to more clearly reveal the structural evidence of the legacy in institutions that were previously established and utilized for developmental objectives. By conducting a rigorous case analysis using historical and market data on the crisis responses of South Korea’s public pension fund, this paper finds that South Korea’s developmental legacy remains passively embedded in the governance structure of the pension fund in non-crisis times but manifests during financial crises.Item Convincing the Mummy-ji: improving mother-in-law approval of family planning in India(American Economic Association, 2022-05-01) Anukriti, S.; Herrera-Almanza, Catalina; Karra, Mahesh; Valdebenito, RocíoMothers-in-law, especially those in South Asia, can exert significant influence over women, often even more so than women's husbands or other household members. Using data from rural India, we first show that mothers-in-law are more likely than husbands to (i) disapprove of women's family planning use and (ii) want women to have more children, particularly sons, than women themselves want. Next, using a field experiment, we show that providing women with vouchers for subsidized family planning services not only enabled them to initiate discussions about family planning with their mothers-in-law but also increased their mothers-in-law's approval of family planning.Item The causal effect of a family planning intervention on women's contraceptive use and birth spacing(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022-05-31) Karra, Mahesh; Maggio, Dan; Guo, Muqi; Ngwira, Bagrey; Canning, DavidStudies have suggested that improving access to family planning (FP) may improve contraceptive use and reduce fertility. However, high-quality evidence, particularly from randomized implementation trials, of the effect of FP programs and interventions on longer-term fertility and birth spacing is lacking. We conduct a nonblinded, randomized, controlled trial to assess the causal impact of improved access to FP on contraceptive use and pregnancy spacing in Lilongwe, Malawi. A total of 2,143 married women aged 18 to 35 who were either pregnant or had recently given birth were recruited through home visits between September 2016 and January 2017 and were randomly assigned to an intervention arm or a control arm. The intervention arm received four services over a 2-y period: 1) up to six FP counseling sessions; 2) free transportation to an FP clinic; 3) free FP services at the clinic or financial reimbursement for FP services obtained elsewhere; and 4) treatment for contraceptive-related side effects. Contraceptive use after 2 y of intervention exposure increased by 5.9 percentage points, mainly through an increased use of contraceptive implants. The intervention group’s hazard of pregnancy was 43.5% lower 24 mo after the index birth. Our results highlight the positive impact of increased access to FP on a woman’s contraceptive use. In addition, we show that exposure to the FP intervention led to a prolongation of birth intervals among intervention women relative to control women and increased her control over birth spacing and postpartum fertility, which, in turn, may contribute to her longer-term health and well-being.Item Economic crisis management in the EU: from past Eurozone mistakes to future promise beyond the COVID-19 pandemic(Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies, 2022-04) Schmidt, Vivien; Wetter Ryde, AnnaItem Reconsidering the EU’s economic ideas on markets and law: towards greater effectiveness, accountability and democracy(European Central Bank, 2022-04) Schmidt, Vivien; Zilioli, ClaraItem Woodrow Wilson and the spirit of liberal internationalism(2021-03-25) Menchik, JeremyWoodrow Wilson is among most influential presidents in U.S. foreign policy history, and the most pious. The challenge for scholars is joining Wilson's faith and his foreign policies. What was the role of religion in Wilson's worldview? What is the place of religion in Wilsonianism? This article uses original archival sources and a synthesis of historical research to intervene in IR theory, demonstrating that Wilsonianism is a product of Wilson's specifically Southern Presbyterian upbringing, his admiration for other Christian idealists, and the influence of the budding movement of the Social Gospel. This finding raises a historiographic puzzle: why did late twentieth century IR scholars erase religion from theories of liberal internationalism? The article suggests Wilson's religion has been erased as part of the broader project of desacralizing and universalizing liberal internationalism. Wilson's worldview was a mirror for the kind of social and political order he witnessed and propagated in America, a Janus-faced spirit of universalism and exceptionalism, internationalism and parochialism, that continues to motivate the liberal internationalist project. Unearthing the Protestant origins of Wilsonianism helps us to explicate the missionary spirit driving the liberal internationalist project.Item Vespasian V. Pella: International Criminal Justice As A Safeguard Of Peace, 1919-1952(Cambridge University Press, 2020-09-01) Mamolea, Andrei; Mégret, F.; Tallgren, I.Vespasian V. Pella was an early twentieth century Romanian jurist who conceived and championed a system of international criminal justice that was designed to prevent war, punish atrocity, and vindicate humanity’s political and economic rights. He argued that governments had a duty to prevent economic dislocation as well as criminal acts capable of undermining international order. To construct these safeguards, Pella promoted the unification of domestic criminal law and the incorporation of international norms into domestic law. He also argued that an assembly of nations and an international criminal tribunal should play a subsidiary role by resolving disputes, imposing sanctions, and punishing aggression and violations of the laws of war. According to Pella, these institutions were necessary safeguards against the root cause of aggressive war—a small, disciplined, and ideologically rigid cadre of men who threatened to use the power of the state to manipulate the public into war. In this chapter we will excavate the ideas, people, and events that shaped Pella’s politics—the influence of his parents, the role of republican, pacifist, and socialist ideals, his desire to understand the psychological reactions of individuals and crowds, as well his response to the atrocities of the First World War. It was these atrocities that ultimately led Pella to dedicate his life to advancing what he called the “international criminal law of the future.” He did so through his scholarship, his diplomacy, and above all, through his advocacy in the organizations such as the Association International de Droit Pénale and the Bureau International pour l’Unification du Droit Pénal. In a relatively short period, Pella forged a professional consensus on previously controversial questions such as universal jurisdiction and corporate criminal liability. Yet though his ideas made great strides within the legal profession, the political support necessary to bring his system to life never materialized, either before or after the Second World War. We will examine the obstacles that Pella encountered and the underlying values of his project. Finally, the chapter challenges and overturns the many misconceptions about Pella that have proliferated in recent years and calls for further research into his life and work.Item Revisiting insularity and expansion: a theory note(Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2021-11-12) Schuessler, John M.; Shifrinson, Joshua; Blagden, DavidWhat is the relationship between insularity—a state’s separation from other states via large bodies of water—and expansion? The received wisdom, prominent in (though not exclusive to) realist theories, holds that insularity constrains expansion by making conquest difficult. We contend, by contrast, that this received wisdom faces important limits. Focusing on U.S. expansion via means short of conquest, we interrogate the underlying theoretical logics to demonstrate that insular powers enjoy two distinct advantages when it comes to expansion. First, insularity translates into a “freedom to roam”: because insular powers are less threatened at home, they can project more power and influence abroad. Second, insularity “sterilizes” power, which explains why insular powers are seen as attractive security providers and why we do not see more counterbalancing against them. On net, existing scholarship is correct to argue that insularity impedes conquest between great powers. Still, it has missed the ways that insularity abets expansion via spheres of influence abroad. One consequence is an under-appreciation for the role of geography writ large and insularity in particular in shaping contemporary great power behavior.Item Ethno-cultural and religious identity of Syrian Orthodox Christians(Avicenna Journals) Donabed, Sargon George; Mako, ShamiranMany Middle Eastern Christian groups identify or have been identified with pre-lslamic peoples in the Middle East: the Copts with Ancient Egypt, the Nestorians with Assyria, the Maronites with Phoenicians and some Rum Onhodox and other Christians with pre-lslamic Arab tribes. The concern of this study is the Syrian Orthodox Christians or Jacobite(s) (named after the 6th century Monophysite Christian bishop Yacoub Burd'ono or Jacob Baradaeus of Urfa/Osrohene/Edessa), specifically those whose ancestry stems from the Tur Abdin region of Turkey, Diyarbekir, Mardin, Urfa, and Harput/Elazig.Item Institutionalizing exclusion: de-Ba‘thification in post-2003 Iraq(Project on Middle East Political Science, 2019-10-22) Mako, ShamiranItem Preparing for papercuts: archives between concepts and practicesShifrinson, JoshuaItem The European framework for economic governance: key issues to assess its recent past and desirable evolution(Foundation for European Progressive Studies, 2021-07-01) Schmidt, Vivien; Rodrigues, M.J.; Balate, F.Item Rethinking European economic governance: more effective, more flexible, and more democratic(Journal für Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft | IPG Journal (ipg-journal.de), 2021-05-20) Schmidt, VivienItem European emergency politics and the question of legitimacy(Informa UK Limited, 2022-06-03) Schmidt, Vivien A.Emergency politics raises theoretical questions about the legitimacy of executive authorities’ governing activities in times of crisis, and in particular whether ensuring effective outcomes (output) can make up for the temporary suspension of political responsiveness (input) and accountable procedures (throughput). Answers depend not only on the specifics of the emergency actions but also on executives’ rhetorical power to legitimize such actions via ideational/discursive coercion, structuring, or persuasion. After outlining the theoretical issues involved, this contribution considers the legitimacy and rhetorical power of political executives in multilateral emergency politics and technical executives in supranational emergency politics. It uses the cases of the Council and the ECB in the Eurozone and Covid-19 crises in illustration, considering their legitimacy over time, between a crisis’ fast-burning phase of emergency politics and its slow-burning phase of legitimizing normalization or delegitimation.Item The discursive construction of discontent: varieties of populist anti-system ideas and discursive interactions in Europe(Informa UK Limited, 2022-02-17) Schmidt, Vivien A.This article builds on existing scholarship on populism while shifting the lens to focus on the ideational and discursive dynamics of populist power. It defines populism as, at its core, the discursive construction of discontent, as charismatic leaders claiming to speak for the people against the elites use post-truth language to give expression to peoples’ grievances, to mobilize them via real and virtual networks of support, and to disseminate their ideas via social and traditional media in order to win elections and then to govern differently. This article deploys the discursive institutionalist framework of analysis to consider the four main features of the discursive construction of populism – the message, the messenger, the medium, and the milieu. Throughout, the article illustrates by considering not only the rise of populist anti-system parties in European countries but also the special challenges this poses for the EU.Item Ideas and power in employment relations studies(Wiley, 2022-01) Carstensen, Martin B.; Ibsen, Christian Lyhne; Schmidt, Vivien A.Motivated by the efforts to understand shifting dynamics of change and stability in employment relations—not least ones brought on by a decade of crisis in what was a neoliberal consensus—scholars increasingly focus on the role of ideas, discourses, and identities. This paper argues for the potential of continuing down this path of employing ideational explanations in employment relations. First, it highlights four key weaknesses of employing more pure materialist–institutionalist approaches that have traditionally dominated employment relations scholarship. Second, it argues that to recognize and build on existing efforts to bring in ideas to employment relations, it is useful to place these on the macro-, meso-, and micro levels. Third, to further advance an ideational perspective on employment relations, it proposes to place more centrally the concept of ideational power. Fourth, it presents key insights from the papers that make up the Special Issue and fleshes out how the individual papers of the Special Issue contribute to this agenda.