First M87 Event Horizon Telescope results. II. Array and instrumentation

Publisher Version
10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96Author(s)
Akiyama, Kazunori
Alberdi, Antxon
Alef, Walter
Asada, Keiichi
Azulay, Rebecca
Baczko, Anne-Kathrin
Ball, David
Baloković, Mislav
Barrett, John
Bintley, Dan
Blackburn, Lindy
Boland, Wilfred
Bouman, Katherine L.
Bower, Geoffrey C.
Bremer, Michael
Brinkerink, Christiaan D.
Brissenden, Roger
Britzen, Silke
Broderick, Avery E.
Broguiere, Dominique
Bronzwaer, Thomas
Byun, Do-Young
Carlstrom, John E.
Chael, Andrew
Chan, Chi-kwan
Chatterjee, Shami
Chatterjee, Koushik
Chen, Ming-Tang
Chen, Yongjun
Cho, Ilje
Christian, Pierre
Conway, John E.
Cordes, James M.
Crew, Geoffrey B.
Cui, Yuzhu
Davelaar, Jordy
De Laurentis, Mariafelicia
Deane, Roger
Dempsey, Jessica
Desvignes, Gregory
Dexter, Jason
Doeleman, Sheperd S.
Eatough, Ralph P.
Falcke, Heino
Fish, Vincent L.
Fomalont, Ed
Fraga-Encinas, Raquel
Friberg, Per
Fromm, Christian M.
Gómez, José L.
Galison, Peter
Gammie, Charles F.
García, Roberto
Gentaz, Olivier
Georgiev, Boris
Goddi, Ciriaco
Gold, Roman
Gu, Minfeng
Gurwell, Mark
Hada, Kazuhiro
Hecht, Michael H.
Hesper, Ronald
Ho, Luis C.
Ho, Paul
Honma, Mareki
Huang, Chih-Wei L
Huang, Lei
Hughes, David H.
Ikeda, Shiro
Inoue, Makoto
Issaoun, Sara
James, David J.
Jannuzi, Buell T.
Janssen, Michael
Jeter, Britton
Jiang, Wu
Johnson, Michael D.
Jorstad, Svetlana
Jung, Taehyun
Karami, Mansour
Karuppusamy, Ramesh
Kawashima, Tomohisa
Keating, Garrett K.
Kettenis, Mark
Kim, Jae-Young
Kim, Junhan
Kim, Jongsoo
Kino, Motoki
Koay, Jun Yi
Koch, Patrick M.
Koyama, Shoko
Kramer, Michael
Kramer, Carsten
Krichbaum, Thomas P.
Kuo, Cheng-Yu
Lauer, Tod R.
Lee, Sang-Sung
Li, Yan-Rong
Li, Zhiyuan
Lindqvist, Michael
Liu, Kuo
Liuzzo, Elisabetta
Lo, Wen-Ping
Lobanov, Andrei P.
Loinard, Laurent
Lonsdale, Colin
Lu, Ru-Sen
MacDonald, Nicholas R.
Mao, Jirong
Markoff, Sera
Marrone, Daniel P.
Marscher, Alan P.
Martí-Vidal, Iván
Matsushita, Satoki
Matthews, Lynn D.
Medeiros, Lia
Menten, Karl M.
Mizuno, Yosuke
Mizuno, Izumi
Moran, James M.
Moriyama, Kotaro
Moscibrodzka, Monika
Müller, Cornelia
Nagai, Hiroshi
Nagar, Neil M.
Nakamura, Masanori
Narayan, Ramesh
Narayanan, Gopal
Natarajan, Iniyan
Neri, Roberto
Ni, Chunchong
Noutsos, Aristeidis
Okino, Hiroki
Olivares, Héctor
Ortiz-León, Gisela N.
Oyama, Tomoaki
Özel, Feryal
Palumbo, Daniel C. M.
Patel, Nimesh
Pen, Ue-Li
Pesce, Dominic W.
Piétu, Vincent
Plambeck, Richard
PopStefanija, Aleksandar
Porth, Oliver
Prather, Ben
Preciado-López, Jorge A.
Psaltis, Dimitrios
Pu, Hung-Yi
Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh
Rao, Ramprasad
Rawlings, Mark G.
Raymond, Alexander W.
Rezzolla, Luciano
Ripperda, Bart
Roelofs, Freek
Rogers, Alan
Ros, Eduardo
Rose, Mel
Roshanineshat, Arash
Rottmann, Helge
Roy, Alan L.
Ruszczyk, Chet
Ryan, Benjamin R.
Rygl, Kazi L. J.
Sánchez, Salvador
Sánchez-Arguelles, David
Sasada, Mahito
Savolainen, Tuomas
Schloerb, F. Peter
Schuster, Karl-Friedrich
Shao, Lijing
Shen, Zhiqiang
Small, Des
Sohn, Bong Won
SooHoo, Jason
Tazaki, Fumie
Tiede, Paul
Tilanus, Remo P. J.
Titus, Michael
Toma, Kenji
Torne, Pablo
Trent, Tyler
Trippe, Sascha
Tsuda, Shuichiro
van Bemmel, Ilse
van Langevelde, Huib Jan
van Rossum, Daniel R.
Wagner, Jan
Wardle, John
Weintroub, Jonathan
Wex, Norbert
Wharton, Robert
Wielgus, Maciek
Wong, George N.
Wu, Qingwen
Young, André
Young, Ken
Younsi, Ziri
Yuan, Feng
Yuan, Ye-Fei
Zensus, J. Anton
Zhao, Guangyao
Zhao, Shan-Shan
Zhu, Ziyan
Algaba, Juan-Carlos
Allardi, Alexander
Amestica, Rodrigo
Bach, Uwe
Beaudoin, Christopher
Benson, Bradford A.
Berthold, Ryan
Blanchard, Jay M.
Blundell, Ray
Bustamente, Sandra
Cappallo, Roger
Castillo-Domínguez, Edgar
Chang, Chih-Cheng
Chang, Shu-Hao
Chang, Song-Chu
Chen, Chung-Chen
Chilson, Ryan
Chuter, Tim C.
Rosado, Rodrigo Córdova
Coulson, Iain M.
Crawford, Thomas M.
Crowley, Joseph
David, John
Derome, Mark
Dexter, Matthew
Dornbusch, Sven
Dudevoir, Kevin A.
Dzib, Sergio A.
Eckert, Chris
Erickson, Neal R.
Everett, Wendeline B.
Faber, Aaron
Farah, Joseph R.
Fath, Vernon
Folkers, Thomas W.
Forbes, David C.
Freund, Robert
Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.
Gale, David M.
Gao, Feng
Geertsema, Gertie
Graham, David A.
Greer, Christopher H.
Grosslein, Ronald
Gueth, Frédéric
Halverson, Nils W.
Han, Chih-Chiang
Han, Kuo-Chang
Hao, Jinchi
Hasegawa, Yutaka
Henning, Jason W.
Hernández-Gómez, Antonio
Herrero-Illana, Rubén
Heyminck, Stefan
Hirota, Akihiko
Hoge, James
Huang, Yau-De
Impellizzeri, CM Violette
Jiang, Homin
Kamble, Atish
Keisler, Ryan
Kimura, Kimihiro
Kono, Yusuke
Kubo, Derek
Kuroda, John
Lacasse, Richard
Laing, Robert A.
Leitch, Erik M.
Li, Chao-Te
Lin, Lupin C.-C.
Liu, Ching-Tang
Liu, Kuan-Yu
Lu, Li-Ming
Marson, Ralph G.
Martin-Cocher, Pierre L.
Massingill, Kyle D.
Matulonis, Callie
McColl, Martin P.
McWhirter, Stephen R.
Messias, Hugo
Meyer-Zhao, Zheng
Michalik, Daniel
Montaña, Alfredo
Montgomerie, William
Mora-Klein, Matias
Muders, Dirk
Nadolski, Andrew
Navarro, Santiago
Nguyen, Chi H.
Nishioka, Hiroaki
Norton, Timothy
Nystrom, George
Ogawa, Hideo
Oshiro, Peter
Oyama, Tomoaki
Padin, Stephen
Parsons, Harriet
Paine, Scott N.
Peñalver, Juan
Phillips, Neil M.
Poirier, Michael
Pradel, Nicolas
Primiani, Rurik A.
Raffin, Philippe A.
Rahlin, Alexandra S.
Reiland, George
Risacher, Christopher
Ruiz, Ignacio
Sáez-Madaín, Alejandro F.
Sassella, Remi
Schellart, Pim
Shaw, Paul
Silva, Kevin M.
Shiokawa, Hotaka
Smith, David R.
Snow, William
Souccar, Kamal
Sousa, Don
Sridharan, T. K.
Srinivasan, Ranjani
Stahm, William
Stark, Antony A.
Story, Kyle
Timmer, Sjoerd T.
Vertatschitsch, Laura
Walther, Craig
Wei, Ta-Shun
Whitehorn, Nathan
Whitney, Alan R.
Woody, David P.
Wouterloot, Jan G. A.
Wright, Melvin
Yamaguchi, Paul
Yu, Chen-Yu
Zeballos, Milagros
Ziurys, Lucy
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https://hdl.handle.net/2144/40692Version
Published version
Citation (published version)
Kazunori Akiyama, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, Mislav Baloković, John Barrett, Dan Bintley, Lindy Blackburn, Wilfred Boland, Katherine L Bouman, Geoffrey C Bower, Michael Bremer, Christiaan D Brinkerink, Roger Brissenden, Silke Britzen, Avery E Broderick, Dominique Broguiere, Thomas Bronzwaer, Do-Young Byun, John E Carlstrom, Andrew Chael, Chi-kwan Chan, Shami Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Chen, Ilje Cho, Pierre Christian, John E Conway, James M Cordes, Geoffrey B Crew, Yuzhu Cui, Jordy Davelaar, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Roger Deane, Jessica Dempsey, Gregory Desvignes, Jason Dexter, Sheperd S Doeleman, Ralph P Eatough, Heino Falcke, Vincent L Fish, Ed Fomalont, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Per Friberg, Christian M Fromm, José L Gómez, Peter Galison, Charles F Gammie, Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, Boris Georgiev, Ciriaco Goddi, Roman Gold, Minfeng Gu, Mark Gurwell, Kazuhiro Hada, Michael H Hecht, Ronald Hesper, Luis C Ho, Paul Ho, Mareki Honma, Chih-Wei L Huang, Lei Huang, David H Hughes, Shiro Ikeda, Makoto Inoue, Sara Issaoun, David J James, Buell T Jannuzi, Michael Janssen, Britton Jeter, Wu Jiang, Michael D Johnson, Svetlana Jorstad, Taehyun Jung, Mansour Karami, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Tomohisa Kawashima, Garrett K Keating, Mark Kettenis, Jae-Young Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Motoki Kino, Jun Yi Koay, Patrick M Koch, Shoko Koyama, Michael Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Thomas P Krichbaum, Cheng-Yu Kuo, Tod R Lauer, Sang-Sung Lee, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Li, Michael Lindqvist, Kuo Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Wen-Ping Lo, Andrei P Lobanov, Laurent Loinard, Colin Lonsdale, Ru-Sen Lu, Nicholas R MacDonald, Jirong Mao, Sera Markoff, Daniel P Marrone, Alan P Marscher, Iván Martí-Vidal, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D Matthews, Lia Medeiros, Karl M Menten, Yosuke Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, James M Moran, Kotaro Moriyama, Monika Moscibrodzka, Cornelia Müller, Hiroshi Nagai, Neil M Nagar, Masanori Nakamura, Ramesh Narayan, Gopal Narayanan, Iniyan Natarajan, Roberto Neri, Chunchong Ni, Aristeidis Noutsos, Hiroki Okino, Héctor Olivares, Gisela N Ortiz-León, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal Özel, Daniel CM Palumbo, Nimesh Patel, Ue-Li Pen, Dominic W Pesce, Vincent Piétu, Richard Plambeck, Aleksandar PopStefanija, Oliver Porth, Ben Prather, Jorge A Preciado-López, Dimitrios Psaltis, Hung-Yi Pu, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Ramprasad Rao, Mark G Rawlings, Alexander W Raymond, Luciano Rezzolla, Bart Ripperda, Freek Roelofs, Alan Rogers, Eduardo Ros, Mel Rose, Arash Roshanineshat, Helge Rottmann, Alan L Roy, Chet Ruszczyk, Benjamin R Ryan, Kazi LJ Rygl, Salvador Sánchez, David Sánchez-Arguelles, Mahito Sasada, Tuomas Savolainen, F Peter Schloerb, Karl-Friedrich Schuster, Lijing Shao, Zhiqiang Shen, Des Small, Bong Won Sohn, Jason SooHoo, Fumie Tazaki, Paul Tiede, Remo PJ Tilanus, Michael Titus, Kenji Toma, Pablo Torne, Tyler Trent, Sascha Trippe, Shuichiro Tsuda, Ilse van Bemmel, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Daniel R van Rossum, Jan Wagner, John Wardle, Jonathan Weintroub, Norbert Wex, Robert Wharton, Maciek Wielgus, George N Wong, Qingwen Wu, André Young, Ken Young, Ziri Younsi, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Yuan, J Anton Zensus, Guangyao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhao, Ziyan Zhu, Juan-Carlos Algaba, Alexander Allardi, Rodrigo Amestica, Uwe Bach, Christopher Beaudoin, Bradford A Benson, Ryan Berthold, Jay M Blanchard, Ray Blundell, Sandra Bustamente, Roger Cappallo, Edgar Castillo-Domínguez, Chih-Cheng Chang, Shu-Hao Chang, Song-Chu Chang, Chung-Chen Chen, Ryan Chilson, Tim C Chuter, Rodrigo Córdova Rosado, Iain M Coulson, Thomas M Crawford, Joseph Crowley, John David, Mark Derome, Matthew Dexter, Sven Dornbusch, Kevin A Dudevoir, Sergio A Dzib, Chris Eckert, Neal R Erickson, Wendeline B Everett, Aaron Faber, Joseph R Farah, Vernon Fath, Thomas W Folkers, David C Forbes, Robert Freund, Arturo I Gómez-Ruiz, David M Gale, Feng Gao, Gertie Geertsema, David A Graham, Christopher H Greer, Ronald Grosslein, Frédéric Gueth, Nils W Halverson, Chih-Chiang Han, Kuo-Chang Han, Jinchi Hao, Yutaka Hasegawa, Jason W Henning, Antonio Hernández-Gómez, Rubén Herrero-Illana, Stefan Heyminck, Akihiko Hirota, James Hoge, Yau-De Huang, CM Violette Impellizzeri, Homin Jiang, Atish Kamble, Ryan Keisler, Kimihiro Kimura, Yusuke Kono, Derek Kubo, John Kuroda, Richard Lacasse, Robert A Laing, Erik M Leitch, Chao-Te Li, Lupin C-C Lin, Ching-Tang Liu, Kuan-Yu Liu, Li-Ming Lu, Ralph G Marson, Pierre L Martin-Cocher, Kyle D Massingill, Callie Matulonis, Martin P McColl, Stephen R McWhirter, Hugo Messias, Zheng Meyer-Zhao, Daniel Michalik, Alfredo Montaña, William Montgomerie, Matias Mora-Klein, Dirk Muders, Andrew Nadolski, Santiago Navarro, Chi H Nguyen, Hiroaki Nishioka, Timothy Norton, George Nystrom, Hideo Ogawa, Peter Oshiro, Tomoaki Oyama, Stephen Padin, Harriet Parsons, Scott N Paine, Juan Peñalver, Neil M Phillips, Michael Poirier, Nicolas Pradel, Rurik A Primiani, Philippe A Raffin, Alexandra S Rahlin, George Reiland, Christopher Risacher, Ignacio Ruiz, Alejandro F Sáez-Madaín, Remi Sassella, Pim Schellart, Paul Shaw, Kevin M Silva, Hotaka Shiokawa, David R Smith, William Snow, Kamal Souccar, Don Sousa, T.K. Sridharan, Ranjani Srinivasan, William Stahm, Antony A Stark, Kyle Story, Sjoerd T Timmer, Laura Vertatschitsch, Craig Walther, Ta-Shun Wei, Nathan Whitehorn, Alan R Whitney, David P Woody, Jan GA Wouterloot, Melvin Wright, Paul Yamaguchi, Chen-Yu Yu, Milagros Zeballos, Lucy Ziurys. "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation." The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 875, Issue 1, pp. L2 - L2. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96Abstract
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ~1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (λ/D) is ~25 μas, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit s−1, exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.
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- CAS: Astronomy: Scholarly Papers [244]
- BU Open Access Articles [4757]
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First M87 Event Horizon Telescope results. I. The shadow of the supermassive black hole
Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Baloković, Mislav; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan; Blackburn, Lindy; Boland, Wilfred; Bouman, Katherine L.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Bremer, Michael; Brinkerink, Christiaan D.; Brissenden, Roger; Britzen, Silke; Broderick, Avery E.; Broguiere, Dominique; Bronzwaer, Thomas; Byun, Do-Young; Carlstrom, John E.; Chael, Andrew; Chan, Chi-kwan; Chatterjee, Shami; Chatterjee, Koushik; Chen, Ming-Tang; Chen, Yongjun; Cho, Ilje; Christian, Pierre; Conway, John E.; Cordes, James M.; Crew, Geoffrey B.; Cui, Yuzhu; Davelaar, Jordy; Laurentis, Mariafelicia De; Deane, Roger; Dempsey, Jessica; Desvignes, Gregory; Dexter, Jason; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Eatough, Ralph P.; Falcke, Heino; Fish, Vincent L.; Fomalont, Ed; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel; Freeman, William T.; Friberg, Per; Fromm, Christian M.; Gómez, José L.; Galison, Peter; Gammie, Charles F.; García, Roberto; Gentaz, Olivier; Georgiev, Boris; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gold, Roman; Gu, Minfeng; Gurwell, Mark; Hada, Kazuhiro; Hecht, Michael H.; Hesper, Ronald; Ho, Luis C.; Ho, Paul; Honma, Mareki; Huang, Chih-Wei L.; Huang, Lei; Hughes, David H.; Ikeda, Shiro; Inoue, Makoto; Issaoun, Sara; James, David J.; Jannuzi, Buell T.; Janssen, Michael; Jeter, Britton; Jiang, Wu; Johnson, Michael D.; Jorstad, Svetlana; Jung, Taehyun; Karami, Mansour; Karuppusamy, Ramesh; Kawashima, Tomohisa; Keating, Garrett K.; Kettenis, Mark; Kim, Jae-Young; Kim, Junhan; Kim, Jongsoo; Kino, Motoki; Koay, Jun Yi; Koch, Patrick M.; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Michael; Kramer, Carsten; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Kuo, Cheng-Yu; Lauer, Tod R.; Lee, Sang-Sung; Li, Yan-Rong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lindqvist, Michael; Liu, Kuo; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lo, Wen-Ping; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Loinard, Laurent; Lonsdale, Colin; Lu, Ru-Sen; MacDonald, Nicholas R.; Mao, Jirong; Markoff, Sera; Marrone, Daniel P.; Marscher, Alan P.; Martí-Vidal, Iván; Matsushita, Satoki; Matthews, Lynn D.; Medeiros, Lia; Menten, Karl M.; Mizuno, Yosuke; Mizuno, Izumi; Moran, James M.; Moriyama, Kotaro; Moscibrodzka, Monika; Müller, Cornelia; Nagai, Hiroshi; Nagar, Neil M.; Nakamura, Masanori; Narayan, Ramesh; Narayanan, Gopal; Natarajan, Iniyan; Neri, Roberto; Ni, Chunchong; Noutsos, Aristeidis; Okino, Hiroki; Olivares, Héctor; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Oyama, Tomoaki; Özel, Feryal; Palumbo, Daniel C. 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Anton; Zhao, Guangyao; Zhao, Shan-Shan; Zhu, Ziyan; Algaba, Juan-Carlos; Allardi, Alexander; Amestica, Rodrigo; Anczarski, Jadyn; Bach, Uwe; Baganoff, Frederick K.; Beaudoin, Christopher; Benson, Bradford A.; Berthold, Ryan; Blanchard, Jay M.; Blundell, Ray; Bustamente, Sandra; Cappallo, Roger; Castillo-Domínguez, Edgar; Chang, Chih-Cheng; Chang, Shu-Hao; Chang, Song-Chu; Chen, Chung-Chen; Chilson, Ryan; Chuter, Tim C.; Rosado, Rodrigo Córdova; Coulson, Iain M; Crawford, Thomas M.; Crowley, Joseph; David, John; Derome, Mark; Dexter, Matthew; Dornbusch, Sven; Dudevoir, Kevin A.; Dzib, Sergio A.; Eckart, Andreas; Eckert, Chris; Erickson, Neal R.; Everett, Wendeline B.; Faber, Aaron; Farah, Joseph R.; Fath, Vernon; Folkers, Thomas W.; Forbes, David C.; Freund, Robert; Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.; Gale, David M.; Gao, Feng; Geertsema, Gertie; Graham, David A.; Greer, Christopher H.; Grosslein, Ronald; Gueth, Frédéric; Haggard, Daryl; Halverson, Nils W.; Han, Chih-Chiang; Han, Kuo-Chang; Hao, Jinchi; Hasegawa, Yutaka; Henning, Jason W.; Hernández-Gómez, Antonio; Herrero-Illana, Rubén; Heyminck, Stefan; Hirota, Akihiko; Hoge, James; Huang, Yau-De; Impellizzeri, CM Violette; Jiang, Homin; Kamble, Atish; Keisler, Ryan; Kimura, Kimihiro; Kono, Yusuke; Kubo, Derek; Kuroda, John; Lacasse, Richard; Laing, Robert A.; Leitch, Erik M.; Li, Chao-Te; Lin, Lupin C.-C.; Liu, Ching-Tang; Liu, Kuan-Yu; Lu, Li-Ming; Marson, Ralph G.; Martin-Cocher, Pierre L.; Massingill, Kyle D.; Matulonis, Callie; McColl, Martin P.; McWhirter, Stephen R.; Messias, Hugo; Meyer-Zhao, Zheng; Michalik, Daniel; Montaña, Alfredo; Montgomerie, William; Mora-Klein, Matias; Muders, Dirk; Nadolski, Andrew; Navarro, Santiago; Neilsen, Joseph; Nguyen, Chi H.; Nishioka, Hiroaki; Norton, Timothy; Nowak, Michael A.; Nystrom, George; Ogawa, Hideo; Oshiro, Peter; Oyama, Tomoaki; Parsons, Harriet; Paine, Scott N.; Peñalver, Juan; Phillips, Neil M.; Poirier, Michael; Pradel, Nicolas; Primiani, Rurik A.; Raffin, Philippe A.; Rahlin, Alexandra S.; Reiland, George; Risacher, Christopher; Ruiz, Ignacio; Sáez-Madaín, Alejandro F.; Sassella, Remi; Schellart, Pim; Shaw, Paul; Silva, Kevin M.; Shiokawa, Hotaka; Smith, David R.; Snow, William; Souccar, Kamal; Sousa, Don; Sridharan, T. K.; Srinivasan, Ranjani; Stahm, William; Stark, Anthony A.; Story, Kyle; Timmer, Sjoerd T.; Vertatschitsch, Laura; Walther, Craig; Wei, Ta-Shun; Whitehorn, Nathan; Whitney, Alan R.; Woody, David P.; Wouterloot, Jan GA; Wright, Melvin; Yamaguchi, Paul; Yu, Chen-Yu; Zeballos, Milagros; Zhang, Shuo; Ziurys, LucyWhen surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have ... -
Event Horizon Telescope imaging of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 at an extreme 20 microarcsecond resolution
Kim, Jae-Young; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Broderick, Avery E.; Wielgus, Maciek; Blackburn, Lindy; Gómez, José L.; Johnson, Michael D.; Bouman, Katherine L.; Chael, Andrew; Akiyama, Kazunori; Jorstad, Svetlana; Marscher, Alan P.; Issaoun, Sara; Janssen, Michael; Chan, Chi-kwan; Savolainen, Tuomas; Pesce, Dominic W.; Özel, Feryal; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Baloković, Mislav; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan; Boland, Wilfred; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Bremer, Michael; Brinkerink, Christiaan D.; Brissenden, Roger; Britzen, Silke; Broguiere, Dominique; Bronzwaer, Thomas; Byun, Do-Young; Carlstrom, John E.; Chatterjee, Shami; Chatterjee, Koushik; Chen, Ming-Tang; Chen, Yongjun; Cho, Ilje; Christian, Pierre; Conway, John E.; Cordes, James M.; Crew, Geoffrey B.; Cui, Yuzhu; Davelaar, Jordy; De Laurentis, Mariafelicia; Deane, Roger; Dempsey, Jessica; Desvignes, Gregory; Dexter, Jason; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Eatough, Ralph P.; Falcke, Heino; Fish, Vincent L.; Fomalont, Ed; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel; Friberg, Per; Fromm, Christian M.; Galison, Peter; Gammie, Charles F.; García, Roberto; Gentaz, Olivier; Georgiev, Boris; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gold, Roman; Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.; Gu, Minfeng; Gurwell, Mark; Hada, Kazuhiro; Hecht, Michael H.; Hesper, Ronald; Ho, Luis C.; Ho, Paul; Honma, Mareki; Huang, Chih-Wei L.; Huang, Lei; Hughes, David H..; Ikeda, Shiro; Inoue, Makoto; James, David J.; Jannuzi, Buell T.; Jeter, Britton; Jiang, Wu; Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra; Jung, Taehyun; Karami, Mansour; Karuppusamy, Ramesh; Kawashima, Tomohisa; Keating, Garrett K.; Kettenis, Mark; Kim, Junhan; Kim, Jongsoo; Kino, Motoki; Koay, Jun Yi; Koch, Patrick M.; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Michael; Kramer, Carsten; Kuo, Cheng-Yu; Lauer, Tod R.; Lee, Sang-Sung; Li, Yan-Rong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lindqvist, Michael; Lico, Rocco; Liu, Kuo; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lo, Wen-Ping; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Loinard, Laurent; Lonsdale, Colin; Lu, Ru-Sen; MacDonald, Nicholas R.; Mao, Jirong; Markoff, Sera; Marrone, Daniel P.; Martí-Vidal, Iván; Matsushita, Satoki; Matthews, Lynn D.; Medeiros, Lia; Menten, Karl M; Mizuno, Yosuke; Mizuno, Izumi; Moran, James M.; Moriyama, Kotaro; Moscibrodzka, Monika; Musoke, Gibwa; Müller, Cornelia; Nagai, Hiroshi; Nagar, Neil M.; Nakamura, Masanori; Narayan, Ramesh; Narayanan, Gopal; Natarajan, Iniyan; Neri, Roberto; Ni, Chunchong; Noutsos, Aristeidis; Okino, Hiroki; Olivares, Héctor; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Oyama, Tomoaki; Palumbo, Daniel C.M.; Park, Jongho; Patel, Nimesh; Pen, Ue-Li; Piétu, Vincent; Plambeck, Richard; PopStefanija, Aleksandar; Porth, Oliver; Prather, Ben; Preciado-López, Jorge A.; Psaltis, Dimitrios; Pu, Hung-Yi; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh; Rao, Ramprasad; Rawlings, Mark G.; Raymond, Alexander W.; Rezzolla, Luciano; Ripperda, Bart; Roelofs, Freek; Rogers, Alan; Ros, Eduardo; Rose, Mel; Roshanineshat, Arash; Rottmann, Helge; Roy, Alan L.; Ruszczyk, Chet; Ryan, Benjamin R.; Rygl, Kazi L.J.; Sánchez, Salvador; Sánchez-Arguelles, David; Sasada, Mahito; Schloerb, F. Peter; Schuster, Karl-Friedrich; Shao, Lijing; Shen, Zhiqiang; Small, Des; Sohn, Bong Won; SooHoo, Jason; Tazaki, Fumie; Tiede, Paul; Tilanus, Remo P.J.; Titus, Michael; Toma, Kenji; Torne, Pablo; Trent, Tyler; Traianou, Efthalia; Trippe, Sascha; Tsuda, Shuichiro; van Bemmel, Ilse; van Langevelde, Huib Jan; van Rossum, Daniel R.; Wagner, Jan; Wardle, John; Ward-Thompson, Derek; Weintroub, Jonathan; Wex, Norbert; Wharton, Robert; Wong, George N.; Wu, Qingwen; Yoon, Doosoo; Young, André; Young, Ken; Younsi, Ziri; Yuan, Feng; Yuan, Ye-Fei; Zensus, J. Anton; Zhao, Guangyao; Zhao, Shan-Shan; Zhu, Ziyan; Algaba, Juan-Carlos; Allardi, Alexander; Amestica, Rodrigo; Anczarski, Jadyn; Bach, Uwe; Baganoff, Frederick K.; Beaudoin, Christopher; Benson, Bradford A.; Berthold, Ryan; Blanchard, Jay M.; Blundell, Ray; Bustamente, Sandra; Cappallo, Roger; Castillo-Domínguez, Edgar; Chang, Chih-Cheng; Chang, Shu-Hao; Chang, Song-Chu; Chen, Chung-Chen; Chilson, Ryan; Chuter, Tim C.; Rosado, Rodrigo Córdova; Coulson, Iain M.; Crowley, Joseph; Derome, Mark; Dexter, Matthew; Dornbusch, Sven; Dudevoir, Kevin A.; Dzib, Sergio A.; Eckart, Andreas; Eckert, Chris; Erickson, Neal R.; Everett, Wendeline B.; Faber, Aaron; Farah, Joseph R.; Fath, Vernon; Folkers, Thomas W.; Forbes, David C.; Freund, Robert; Gale, David M.; Gao, Feng; Geertsema, Gertie; Graham, David A.; Greer, Christopher H.; Grosslein, Ronald; Gueth, Frédéric; Haggard, Daryl; Halverson, Nils W.; Han, Chih-Chiang; Han, Kuo-Chang; Hao, Jinchi; Hasegawa, Yutaka; Henning, Jason W.; Hernández-Gómez, Antonio; Herrero-Illana, Rubén; Heyminck, Stefan; Hirota, Akihiko; Hoge, James; Huang, Yau-De; Violette Impellizzeri, C.M.; Jiang, Homin; John, David; Kamble, Atish; Keisler, Ryan; Kimura, Kimihiro; Kono, Yusuke; Kubo, Derek; Kuroda, John; Lacasse, Richard; Laing, Robert A.; Leitch, Erik M.; Li, Chao-Te; Lin, Lupin C.-C.; Liu, Ching-Tang; Liu, Kuan-Yu; Lu, Li-Ming; Marson, Ralph G.; Martin-Cocher, Pierre L.; Massingill, Kyle D.; Matulonis, Callie; McColl, Martin P.; McWhirter, Stephen R.; Messias, Hugo; Meyer-Zhao, Zheng; Michalik, Daniel; Montaña, Alfredo; Montgomerie, William; Mora-Klein, Matias; Muders, Dirk; Nadolski, Andrew; Navarro, Santiago; Neilsen, Joseph; Nguyen, Chi H.; Nishioka, Hiroaki; Norton, Timothy; Nowak, Michael A.; Nystrom, George; Ogawa, Hideo; Oshiro, Peter; Oyama, Tomoaki; Parsons, Harriet; Peñalver, Juan; Phillips, Neil M.; Poirier, Michael; Pradel, Nicolas; Primiani, Rurik A.; Raffin, Philippe A.; Rahlin, Alexandra S.; Reiland, George; Risacher, Christopher; Ruiz, Ignacio; Sáez-Madaín, Alejandro F.; Sassella, Remi; Schellart, Pim; Shaw, Paul; Silva, Kevin M.; Shiokawa, Hotaka; Smith, David R.; Snow, William; Souccar, Kamal; Sousa, Don; Sridharan, Tirupati K.; Srinivasan, Ranjani; Stahm, William; Stark, Antony A.; Story, Kyle; Timmer, Sjoerd T.; Vertatschitsch, Laura; Walther, Craig; Wei, Ta-Shun; Whitehorn, Nathan; Whitney, Alan R.; Woody, David P.; Wouterloot, Jan G.A.; Wright, Melvin; Yamaguchi, Paul; Yu, Chen-Yu; Zeballos, Milagros; Zhang, Shuo; Ziurys, Lucy (EDP Sciences, 2020-08)3C 279 is an archetypal blazar with a prominent radio jet that show broadband flux density variability across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. We use an ultra-high angular resolution technique – global Very Long Baseline ... -
The long-baseline neutrino experiment: exploring fundamental symmetries of the universe
Collaboration, LBNE; Adams, Corey; Adams, David; Akiri, Tarek; Alion, Tyler; Anderson, Kris; Andreopoulos, Costas; Andrews, Mike; Anghel, Ioana; Anjos, João Carlos Costa dos; Antonello, Maddalena; Arrieta-Diaz, Enrique; Artuso, Marina; Asaadi, Jonathan; Bai, Xinhua; Baibussinov, Bagdat; Baird, Michael; Balantekin, Baha; Baller, Bruce; Baptista, Brian; Barker, D'Ann; Barker, Gary; Barletta, William A.; Barr, Giles; Bartoszek, Larry; Bashyal, Amit; Bass, Matt; Bellini, Vincenzo; Benetti, Pietro Angelo; Berger, Bruce E.; Bergevin, Marc; Berman, Eileen; Berns, Hans-Gerd; Bernstein, Adam; Bernstein, Robert; Bhandari, Babu; Bhatnagar, Vipin; Bhuyan, Bipul; Bian, Jianming; Bishai, Mary; Blake, Andrew; Blaszczyk, Flor; Blaufuss, Erik; Bleakley, Bruce; Blucher, Edward; Blusk, Steve; Bocean, Virgil; Boffelli, F.; Boissevain, Jan; Bolton, Timothy; Bonesini, Maurizio; Boyd, Steve; Brandt, Andrew; Breedon, Richard; Bromberg, Carl; Brown, Ralph; Brunetti, Giullia; Buchanan, Norman; Bugg, Bill; Busenitz, Jerome; Calligarich, E.; Camilleri, Leslie; Carminati, Giada; Carr, Rachel; Castromonte, Cesar; Cavanna, Flavio; Centro, Sandro; Chen, Alex; Chen, Hucheng; Chen, Kai; Cherdack, Daniel; Chi, Cheng-Yi; Childress, Sam; Choudhary, Brajesh Chandra; Christodoulou, Georgios; Christofferson, Cabot-Ann; Church, Eric; Cline, David; Coan, Thomas; Cocco, Alfredo; Coelho, Joao; Coleman, Stephen; Conrad, Janet M; Convery, Mark; Corey, Robert; Corwin, Luke; Cranshaw, Jack; Cronin-Hennessy, Daniel; Curioni, A.; Motta, Helio da; Davenne, Tristan; Davies, Gavin S.; Dazeley, Steven; De, Kaushik; Gouvea, Andre de; Jong, Jeffrey K. de; Demuth, David; Densham, Chris; Diwan, Milind; Djurcic, Zelimir; Dolfini, R.; Dolph, Jeffrey; Drake, Gary; Dye, Stephen; Dyuang, Hongue; Edmunds, Daniel; Elliott, Steven; Elnimr, Muhammad; Eno, Sarah; Enomoto, Sanshiro; Escobar, Carlos O.; Evans, Justin; Falcone, A.; Falk, Lisa; Farbin, Amir; Farnese, Christian; Fava, Angela; Felde, John; Fernandes, S.; Ferroni, Fernando; Feyzi, Farshid; Fields, Laura; Finch, Alex; Fitton, Mike; Fleming, Bonnie; Fowler, Jack; Fox, Walt; Friedland, Alex; Fuess, Stu; Fujikawa, Brian; Gallagher, Hugh; Gandhi, Raj; Garvey, Gerald; Gehman, Victor M.; Geronimo, Gianluigi de; Gibin, Daniele; Gill, Ronald; Gomes, Ricardo A.; Goodman, Maury C.; Goon, Jason; Graf, Nicholas; Graham, Mathew; Gran, Rik; Grant, Christopher; Grant, Nick; Greenlee, Herbert; Greenler, Leland; Grullon, Sean; Guardincerri, Elena; Guarino, Victor; Guarnaccia, Evan; Guedes, Germano; Guenette, Roxanne; Guglielmi, Alberto; Guzzo, Marcelo M.; Habig, Alec T.; Hackenburg, Robert W.; Hadavand, Haleh; Hahn, Alan; Haigh, Martin; Haines, Todd; Handler, Thomas; Hans, Sunej; Hartnell, Jeff; Harton, John; Hatcher, Robert; Hatzikoutelis, Athans; Hays, Steven; Hazen, Eric; Headley, Mike; Heavey, Anne; Heeger, Karsten; Heise, Jaret; Hellauer, Robert; Hewes, Jeremy; Himmel, Alexander; Hogan, Matthew; Holanda, Pedro; Holin, Anna; Horton-Smith, Glenn; Howell, Joe; Hurh, Patrick; Huston, Joey; Hylen, James; Imlay, Richard; Insler, Jonathan; Introzzi, G.; Isvan, Zeynep; Jackson, Chris; Jacobsen, John; Jaffe, David E.; James, Cat; Jen, Chun-Min; Johnson, Marvin; Johnson, Randy; Johnson, Robert; Johnson, Scott; Johnston, William; Johnstone, John; Jones, Ben J.P.; Jostlein, H.; Junk, Thomas; Kadel, Richard; Kaess, Karl; Karagiorgi, Georgia; Kaspar, Jarek; Katori, Teppei; Kayser, Boris; Kearns, Edward; Keener, Paul; Kemp, Ernesto; Kettell, Steve H.; Kirby, Mike; Klein, Joshua; Koizumi, Gordon; Kopp, Sacha; Kormos, Laura; Kropp, William; Kudryavtsev, Vitaly A.; Kumar, Ashok; Kumar, Jason; Kutter, Thomas; Zia, Franco La; Lande, Kenneth; Lane, Charles; Lang, Karol; Lanni, Francesco; Lanza, Richard; Latorre, Tony; Learned, John; Lee, David; Lee, Kevin; Li, Qizhong; Li, Shaorui; Li, Yichen; Li, Zepeng; Libo, Jiang; Linden, Steve; Ling, Jiajie; Link, Jonathan; Littenberg, Laurence; Liu, Hu; Liu, Qiuguang; Liu, Tiankuan; Losecco, John; Louis, William; Lundberg, Byron; Lundin, Tracy; Lundy, Jay; Machado, Ana Amelia; Maesano, Cara; Magill, Steve; Mahler, George; Malon, David; Malys, Stephen; Mammoliti, Francesco; Mandal, Samit Kumar; Mann, Anthony; Mantsch, Paul; Marchionni, Alberto; Marciano, William; Mariani, Camillo; Maricic, Jelena; Marino, Alysia; Marshak, Marvin; Marshall, John; Matsuno, Shiegenobu; Mauger, Christopher; Mavrokoridis, Konstantinos; Mayer, Nate; McCauley, Neil; McCluskey, Elaine; McDonald, Kirk; McFarland, Kevin; McKee, David; McKeown, Robert; McTaggart, Robert; Mehdiyev, Rashid; Mei, Dongming; Menegolli, A.; Meng, Guang; Meng, Yixiong; Mertins, David; Messier, Mark; Metcalf, William; Milincic, Radovan; Miller, William; Mills, Geoff; Mishra, Sanjib R.; Mokhov, Nikolai; Montanari, Claudio; Montanari, David; Moore, Craig; Morfin, Jorge; Morgan, Ben; Morse, William; Moss, Zander; Moura, Célio A.; Mufson, Stuart; Muller, David; Musser, Jim; Naples, Donna; Napolitano, Jim; Newcomer, Mitch; Nichol, Ryan; Nicholls, Tim; Niner, Evan; Norris, Barry; Nowak, Jaroslaw; O'Keeffe, Helen; Oliveira, Roberto; Olson, Travis; Page, Brian; Pakvasa, Sandip; Palamara, Ornella; Paley, Jon; Paolone, Vittorio; Papadimitriou, Vaia; Park, Seongtae; Parsa, Zohreh; Partyka, Kinga; Paulos, Bob; Pavlovic, Zarko; Peeters, Simon; Perch, Andy; Perkin, Jon D.; Petti, Roberto; Petukhov, Andre; Pietropaolo, Francesco; Plunkett, Robert; Polly, Chris; Pordes, Stephen; Potekhin, Maxim; Potenza, Renato; Prakash, Arati; Prokofiev, Oleg; Qian, Xin; Raaf, Jennifer L.; Radeka, Veljko; Rakhno, Igor; Ramachers, Yorck; Rameika, Regina; Ramsey, John; Rappoldi, A.; Raselli, G.L.; Ratoff, Peter; Ravindra, Shreyas; Rebel, Brian; Reichenbacher, Juergen; Reitzner, Dianne; Rescia, Sergio; Richardson, Martin; Rielage, Kieth; Riesselmann, Kurt; Robinson, Matt; Rochester, Leon; Ronquest, Michael; Rosen, Marc; Rossella, M.; Rubbia, Carlo; Rucinski, Russ; Sahijpal, Sandeep; Sahoo, Himansu; Sala, Paola; Salmiera, Delia; Samios, Nicholas; Sanchez, Mayly; Scaramelli, Alberto; Schellman, Heidi; Schmitt, Richard; Schmitz, David; Schneps, Jack; Scholberg, Kate; Segreto, Ettore; Seibert, Stanley; Sexton-Kennedy, Liz; Shaevitz, Mike; Shanahan, Peter; Sharma, Rahul; Shaw, Terri; Simos, Nikolaos; Singh, Venktesh; Sinnis, Gus; Sippach, William; Skwarnicki, Tomasz; Smy, Michael; Sobel, Henry; Soderberg, Mitch; Sondericker, John; Sondheim, Walter; Sousa, Alexandre; Spooner, Neil J.C.; Stancari, Michelle; Stancu, Ion; Stefan, Dorota; Stefanik, Andy; Stewart, James; Stone, Sheldon; Strait, James; Strait, Matthew; Striganov, Sergei; Sullivan, Gregory; Sun, Yujing; Suter, Louise; Svenson, Andrew; Svoboda, Robert; Szczerbinska, Barbara; Szelc, Andrzej; Szydagis, Matthew; Söldner-Rembold, Stefan; Talaga, Richard; Tamsett, Matthew; Tariq, Salman; Tayloe, Rex; Taylor, Charles; Taylor, David; Teymourian, Artin; Themann, Harry; Thiesse, Matthew; Thomas, Jenny; Thompson, Lee F.; Thomson, Mark; Thorn, Craig; Thorpe, Matt; Tian, Xinchun; Tiedt, Doug; Toki, Walter; Tolich, Nikolai; Torti, M.; Toups, Matt; Touramanis, Christos; Tripathi, Mani; Tropin, Igor; Tsai, Yun-Tse; Tull, Craig; Tzanov, Martin; Urheim, Jon; Usman, Shawn; Vagins, Mark; Valdiviesso, Gustavo; Berg, Rick Van; Water, Richard Van de; Gemmeren, Peter Van; Varanini, Filippo; Varner, Gary; Vaziri, Kamran; Velev, Gueorgui; Ventura, Sandro; Vignoli, Chiara; Viren, Brett; Wahl, Dan; Waldron, Abby; Walter, Christopher W.; Wang, Hanguo; Wang, Wei; Warburton, Karl; Warner, David; Wasserman, Ryan; Watson, Blake; Weber, Alfons; Wei, Wenzhao; Wells, Douglas; Wetstein, Matthew; White, Andy; White, Hywel; Whitehead, Lisa; Whittington, Denver; Willhite, Joshua; Wilson, Robert J.; Winslow, Lindley; Wood, Kevin; Worcester, Elizabeth; Worcester, Matthew; Xin, Tian; Yarritu, Kevin; Ye, Jingbo; Yeh, Minfang; Yu, Bo; Yu, Jae; Yuan, Tianlu; Zani, A.; Zeller, Geralyn P.; Zhang, Chao; Zhang, Chao; Zimmerman, Eric D.; Zwaska, Robert (2013-07-28)The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the ...