TGF-β1-dependent expression of FOXS1 attenuates adipogenic potential and enhances a myofibroblast cellular phenotype
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Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) fibrosis is a major determinant of obesity-induced cardiometabolic dysfunction and is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition and myofibroblast activation. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is a profibrotic cytokine that potently induces myofibroblast activation in adipocyte stem cells (ASC). How TGF-β1 orchestrates ASC activation in WAT fibrosis is not completely understood. We identified FOXS1, a member of the forkhead box transcription factor superfamily, as an early transcriptional target of TGF-β1 signaling in primary human WAT ASC (hASC). FOXS1 potentiated TGF-β1-dependent upregulation of several activated myofibroblast genes (e.g. Acta2, Col1a1, Fn1, Il11) in 10T1/2 fibroblasts. FOXS1 also mitigated the dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, insulin, and indomethacin (DMII) induced upregulation of several adipogenic factors (e.g. Pparg, Stat5a, Fabp4, Adipoq) and sensitized cells to the anti-adipogenic effects of TGF-β1. Furthermore, loss of endogenous FOXS1 improved 10T1/2 adipogenic permissiveness and activated proadipogenic gene programs, even after TGF-β1 stimulation. These results indicate that FOXS1 is a positive regulator of profibrotic TGF-β1-dependent cellular responses, orchestrating profibrotic and anti-adipogenic molecular phenotypes that promote myofibroblast activation and block adipogenesis. These findings offer novel insight into the TGF-β1-dependent roles of FOXS1 in fibroblasts within the context of profibrotic WAT ASC activation and provide a foundation for further investigation into the role of FOXS1 in WAT fibrosis and obesity-induced cardiometabolic dysfunction.
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2026