127672 K'ung Fu - tzu RED-UCED FAG-SIMILE OF A RUBBINCr FROM A MARBLE SLAB BEHIND THE TEMPLE OF CONFUCIUS AT CH'IU-FU HSIEN DAEMON THE HILLS OF T'ANG OB MISSIONS IN CHINA BY HARLAN P. BEACH FORMERLY MISSIONARY LN CHINA , MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY ; EDUCATIONAL SECRETARY OF THE STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS NEW YOKE STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT FOB FOREIGN MISSIONS 1902 , 1888, Vf STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT FOB FOflEIGN MINIONS EXPLANATORY THE somewhat peculiar form of this little volume is due to the fact that it is one of a series of text-books prepared for Mission Study Classes, found mainly in higher educational institutions, though many have been carried on by young people's societies and women's missionary organizations. A book which gives the main points in as brief a form as possible, and which makes ample provision for further study by class members, is demanded for such a use ; and the satisfaction of such demands has been aimed at in the preparation of this volume. That this form of text- book is appreciated is evidenced by the fact that more than ten thousand copies were sold to study classes during last year. Experiments extending over three years have led to the peculiarities of typography, found in these pages. The heavy-faced Clarendon type indicates the main divisions of the chapter ; numerals indicate subordi- nate divisions ; and paragraphs, or Italics, mark sub- topics under the latter. Those preparing the lesson usually group their facts about these words in special type, and class leaders employ them as the basis of questions. At the request of many, an analytical in- dex has been prepared see pages 167 to 173, and can be used after the lesson has been carefully read over to iii IV EXPLANATORY ascertain how muck has been remembered. It also brings the thonghts of the chapter before one with great clearness and at a glance. As the text-book is but an outline, it is expected that classes will supplement its meagre statements by outside readings. A collection of snch readings will be found on pages ix. to xvii. While only a small por- tion of the very full bibliography of this field has been entered in the list, a far larger number of references has been printed than can be used, for the reason that if only a few readings were suggested, libraries to which access was possible might contain none of them. With a comparatively large number listed, the chance of finding at least some readings is increased. It is fcot usually advisable to assign more than three or four additional readings to be reported upon at any one class session. It will be noted that no missionary periodicals are found in this list except The Chinese Recorder and The Missionary Review of (he World* The reason for this is that the two periodicals exeepted axe inter- denominational, and the latter is easily accessible. if oreorer, as over fifty boards labor in the Empire, it would be obviously impossible to refer to their official organs. In the book itself, practically nothing has been said concerning the work of any one society. An attempt to do this would have resulted in a volume *oo large for class use, as well as beiag too expensive. The tope of the Author is that missionary societisa neiaag it for class work will supplement it by pamphlets iasuad by their boaaxl. In two cases provision has al- ready teen made for guoh classes. The Board of th Methodist Church in the South has a special edition EXPLANATORY V for its own use, containing an additional chapter, written by Bishop Galloway, upon the work of their Church in China. Similarly, Mrs. Professor Barbour and Miss Huntington, of the Episcopal Ohureh, hare prepared a special pamphlet to accompany the test- book, in which full details concerning the Missions of the American Episcopal Church in China are ad- mirably summarized. Doubtless other boards can make a like arrangement. Suggestions for the study of the work for any given board may be found in Ap- pendix C. The special map prepared for the book, while not perfect, is more nearly so than any missionary map of the Empire hitherto published. The index ac- companying it makes it easy to find any place occu- pied at the present time by missionaries. Many will criticise the orthography of proper names, both on the map and in the body of the book. In defense the author would say that scarcely any map of China is consistent in its Eomanization of geo- graphical names, and the same is to some extent true of personal names in works on this country. The at- tempt has here been made though some exceptions will be found to follow a uniform system of Eoman- ization. But if this is desirable, what system is to be used ? The one followed is that of Sir Thomas Wade, which is increasingly employed in the latest diction- aries, lessons for beginners, etc. To say that it is a system peculiarly adapted to the Pekingese, and hence should be discarded, is like objecting to Parisian be- cause it does not correctly represent the pronunciation of southwestern Prance. While Sir Thomas Wade's system does not properly reproduce the sounds of Vf EXPLANATORY southern China, no system is universal, and Wade's is the standard for Northern Mandarin, which is un- derstood by more persons, perhaps, than any other Chinese dialect. An approximate key to this system is found on page xriii* September 1, CONTENTS FAU BIBLIOGRAPHY, . fX KEY TO PRONUNCIATION OP CHINESE WORDS, . . xriii I THE WOHLD OF THE CHINESE, .... 1 U CHINA'S INHERITANCE FROM THE PAST, . . ' . 15 IIL "THE SEAL CHINAMAN," ..... 32 IT. RELIGIONS OF THE CHINESE, . . 52 V. PREPARATION ANI> BEGZN3ONG8, . . . .75 VI. THE PBOTESTANT OCCUPATION OF CHINA, . . 95 VIE. THE MissiONAsrEs AT WOBK, . . . .116 THE DAWN, l&t A. PBOYINCIAL DIVISIONS, .... 158 APPENDIX B. PROMINENT EVENTS OF THE HISTORIC DY- NASTIES, 159 APPENDIX C. SCHEME FOB STUDYING DENOMINATIONAL MISSIONARY "WORK IN CHUCA, ..... 162 ANALYTICAL INDEX, ........ 167 MAP BIBLIOGEAPEY. ADDITIONAL BBADnmS FOE CHAPTBB I. BARNES, I. H. : Behind the Great Wall (1896), ch. L Chinese Recorder for 1896, pp. 170-174. CUNNYNGHAM, W. G. E. : Yotmg People's History of the Chi- nese (1896), ch, H. _ CURZON, Or. N. : Problems of the Ear East (1896), ch. TOI. DAVIS, J. F. : The Chinese (1851), vol. I., ch. V. Encyclopaedia of Missions (1891). Article, China. General Encyclopaedias. Article, China. _ GRAY, J. H. : China (1878), vol. I., ch. I. ; vol. H., ch. XXXTL HART, V. C. : Western China (1888), chs. VI.-SUL HENRY, B. C. : Ling-nam (1886). Especially ch. AJLV1JU KEANE, A. H. : Asia (1896), vol. I., pp. 245-361. Kleine Missions-Bibliothek (1880), voL in , pt. HI., pp. 1-13. MORRIS, T. M. : A Winter in North China (1892), ch. VIL NEVIUS, J. I/. : China and the Chinese (1882), ch. I. Nonvean Dictionnaire de Geographic Universelle (1897). Ar- ticle, Chine. BocKHnx, W. W. : The Land of the Lamas (1891), chs. L, II., vn. THOMSON, J. : Through China with a Camera (1898). WILLIAMSON, A. : Journeys in North China (1870), roL IL, ch. H. WILLIAMS, S. W. : Middle Kingdom (1882), vol. L, ch*. L-IH. WILSON, J. H. : China (1894), chs. ITE.-V. FOB OHAPTEB H. BOUGHTON, W. : History of Ancient Feoples (1897), pt II., ch.IL BOTJLGER, D. a : A Short History of China (1893). Ckmtae Recorder for 1896, pp. 233-242, 284-292, $3S-S42, &&- 592. DAVIS, J. $. : Sketches of China (1845), ch. IX. lUvjs, J. T. : The Chinese (1851)i voL I., cfe. VI. 3Dte LAcoTJFERiB, T. : Western Origin of tie Early CMaen Civilization (1894), chs. H., m. is X BIBLIOGRAPHY DOUGLAS, E K. : China (1882), ch I. Encyclopaedia of Missions (1891), vol. L, pp 251-252. FABEB, E. : China in the Light of History (1897). FEBGUSSOX, T : Chinese Researches (1880), pt. I., ch. L General Encyclopaedias. Article, China. Kleine Missions-Bibkothek (1880), voL HI., pt. HI., pp 15-27. LEGGE, J. : The Chinese Classics (1865) , voL HI., pt. I., ch, V. MACGOWAX, J. : History of China (1897). MAYEBS, W. F. : Chinese Header's Manual (1874). MEDHUEST, W. H. : China; Its State and Prospects (1838), ch. L MOEBISON, E. : "View of China for Philological Purposes (1817), pp. 4-60. MOTTLE, A. E. : New China and Old (1892), ch. I. WILLIAMS, S. W. : Middle Kingdom (1882), yol. H., ch, XVII. WILLIAMS, S. W. and F. W. : History of China (1897). ADDITIONAL EEADIKGS FOB CHAPTEB HL BALL, J. D. : Things Chinese (1893), pp. 91-101. COCKBUBN, G. : John Chinaman (1896). DAVIS, J. A, : Choh Lin (1884), chs. L-XL DAVIS, J. F. : Sketches of China (1845), ch. XV. POOLITTLE, 3". : Social Life of the Chinese (1865). DOUGLAS, E. K. : China (1882). DOUGLAS, E. E. : Society in China (1894). E. M. : The Chinese; Their Mental and Moral Characteristici (1877). Encyclopaedia of Missions (1891). Article, China. FIELDE, A. M. : A Corner of Cathay (1894). fiELDE, A. M. : Pagoda Shadows (1884). General Encyclopaedias. Article, China. GKAT, J. H. : China (1878). HENBT, B. C. : The Cross and the Dragon (1885), ch. HI. HOLCOMBE, C. : The Eeal Chinaman (1895). HOSIE, A. : Three Tears in Western China (1889), ch, TTTT. HOUGHTON, E. C. : Women of the Orient (1877), chs. V., VIII. KEANE, A. H. : Asia (1896), vol. I., pp. 361-383, 432-439. MACGOWAN, J. : Pictures of Southern China (1897), pp. 316- 820. MAECH, D. : Morning Light in Many Lands (1891), chs. X., XI. MBZ>HUBST, W. H. : The Foreigner in Far Cathay (1873), es- pecially chs. XH., XVlii. Missionary Review of the World (1895), pp. 84r-89. Misaion Stories of Many Lands (1885), pp. 178-219. NBJTOS, J. L. : China and the Chinese (1882), chs. IL, XVJLL, XIX. BIBLIOGRAPHY XI 'SMITH, A. H. : Chinese Characteristics (1894:). SMITH, A. H. : Proverbs and Common Sayings of the Chinese (1888). WILLIAMS, S. W. : Middle Kingdom (1882), vol. I, ehs. V., VIL, IX., XHX, XIV. WYUE, A. : Notes on Chinese Literature (1867), pp. i-riii ADDITIONAL BEADESTGS FOB CHAPTER IT. BARBOWS, J. H., Editor: World's Parliament of Religion* (1893), ToL I., pp. 374-439 ; vol. II., pp. 1355-1358. BEAL, S. : Bnddhism in China (1884). BETTANY, G. T. : The World's Religions (1891), pp. 102-166. China Mission Hand-Book (1896), pt. I., pp. 1-31. DAVIDS, T. W. E. : Buddhism (1890), chs. VEI., LSL DOOLITTLE, J. : Social Life of the Chinese (1865), vol. I., chs. VUL, XL, XIV. DOUGLAS, E. K. : Confucianism and Taouism (1889). Du Boss, H. C : The Dragon, Image, and Demon (1886). EDKINS, J. : Early Spread of Eeligious Ideas (1893), chs. V.- VII. ELLHTWOOD, 3T. 1?. : Oriental Eeligions and Christianity (1892), lect. VIL Encyclopaedia of Missions (1891). Articles, Confucianism, Tao- ism. FABER, E. : The Mind of Mencius (1897). General Encyclopaedias. Articles, Confucius, Confucianism, Taoism. GRANT, G. M. : Eeligions of the World in Eelatiou to Christi- anity (1894), ch. in. GRAY, J. H. : China (1878), voL L, chs. IV., V. HENRT, B. C. : The Cross and the Dragon (1885), chs. IV.-VIL Hue, E. E. : A Journey through the Chinese Empire (n. d.) f vol. H., ch. VL JEVONS, F. B. : Introduction to the History of Eeligion (1896), see China in Index. LEGGB, J. : Chinese Classics, Translated into English (1887), vols. L, II. LEGOB, J. : Chinese Classics [with Chinese text] (1893), vol. I., the Prolegomena. LEGHJE, X : Chinese Classics [with Chinese text] (1895) vol. IX, the Prolegomena. LEGOE, J. : Eeligions of China (1881). LEQOB, J. : Sacred Books of the East, the Texts of Taoism (1891), especially voL L, pp. 1-14. MATHESON, G. : Distinctive Messages of the Old Beligions (1894), ch. HI, xii BIBLIOGRAPHY MJENZIES, A. : History of Religion (1895), ch. VIIL Missionary Review of the World^ 1894, pp. 80-89; 1896, pp. 96-100. MOTTLE, A. E. : Four Hundred Millions (1871), ch. L MOULE, A. E- : New CMna and Old (1892), chs. VI., VIIL NETIUS, H. S. C. : Onr Life in China (1868), ch. HI. NEVIUS, J. L. : China and the Chinese (1882), chs. m., VL- xn. Present Day Tracts Ken-Christian Religions (1887), Christi- anity and Confucianism. Progress for October, 1897, pp. 103-107, 112-150. Beeords of the Missionary Conference, Shanghai, 1877, pp. 62- 75 ; pp. 367-387. SCOTT, A. : Buddhism and Christianity (1890), lect. VI* Stndent Missionary Appeal (1898), pp. 93-100; 336-338. WTTJ.TAMB, S. W. : Middle Kingdom (1882), voL IL, pp. 188- 266. ADDITIONAL EEADIKGS FOE CHAPTEE V. . W. : The Preaching of Islam (1896), ch. X. BAIL, J. D. : Things Chinese (1893), pp. 419-430; 294-299. China Mission Hand-Book (1896), pt I, pp. 31-45. Chinese Recorder for 1891, pp. 263, 264; 354-358; 377, 378; 401-405; 545-553; for 1892, pp. 57-60; for 1895, pp-. 251- 260. DAVIS, J. ]?. : The Chinese (1851), yoL L, ch. L DOOLHTLE, J. : Social Life of the Chinese (1865), yol. IL, pp. 394-403. Encyclopaedia of Missions (1891), voL I , pp, 264, 265. FOSTER, A. : Christian Progress in China (1889), pp. 247-255. EAINES, C. R. : Islam> as a Missionary Religion (1889), ch- VI. Hue, E. R. : Christianity in Chona (1857-58). MARSHALL, T. "W. M. : Christian Missions (1863), sections- on China. MABTIH, W. A- P. : A Cycle of Cathay (1896), pt. II., ch. IV. MAETHT, W. A. P. : The Chinese (1881), pp. 287*306. NEANBEK, A. : General History of the Christian Religion and Church (1871), TO!. IV., pp. 45-59. NEYIUS, J. L. : China and the Chinese (1882), ch. XXVI. Beeords of the Missionary Conference, Shanghai (1890), pp. 196-202, WILLIAMS. S. W. : Middle Kingdom (18S2), voL H, pp, BIBLIOGRAPHY acoi HEADINGS JOE CHAPTBE VI D. M. ; The Sister Martyrs of Ku Cheng (n. d.), ch, BLISS, E. M. : Concise History of Missions (1897), pt. IL, ch. BUTLEB, "W. F. : Charles George Gordon (1889), ch. HE. Centenary Conference on Foreign Missions, London, 1888, ToL L, pp 220-238. China Mission Hand-Book (1896), pt EC. CHEISTUEB, T, : Protestant Foreign Missions (1880), pp. 18&- 209. COBB, H. 1ST. : Far Hence (1893), chs. XX.-XXVTL Conference on Foreign Missions, Mildmay (1878), pp. 168-179. CBEEGAN, C. C. : Great Missionaries of the Chnrch (1895), chs, VI., VIL CUNNINGHAM, A. : History of the Szeehuen Riots (1895). Encyclopaedia of Missions (1891), TO!. I., pp. 265-27L FAGG, J, G. : Forty Tears in South China (1894), chs. V., XI. GBAHAM, J. A. : Missionary Expansion of the Beformed Chnrches (1898), pp 139-160. GBUNBBMANN, B. : Nener Missions- Atlas (1896), maps 24, 25. GUINNESS, M. G. : Story of the China Inland Mission (1894). GUNDEET, H. : Die Evangelische Mission (1894), pp. 334-355. Historical Sketches, Presbyterian Missions (1897), pp. 39-65. HOBNE, C. S. : Story of the L. M. S., 1795-1895 (1895), ch. V. In La?>d Afar (1897), pp. 207-264. LAWRENCE, E A. : Modern Missions in the East (1894), pp. 57-70. LXNKBB, 3. N. : Lutherans in all Lands (1893), vol. L pp. 639-644. LEONARD, D. L. : A Hundred Tears of Missions (1895), pp. LOVETT, B : James Gilmour of Mongolia (1893), ch. IL LOVETT, B. : Primer of Modern British Missions (n. d.), ch. V. LTON, I>. W. : Sketch of the History of Protestant Missions in China (1895). MABEB, H. C. : In Brightest Asia (1891), chs. V.-2H. MACCRACKEN AND PIPER : Leaders of Ottr Church Universal (1$79). Life XXXVI. MoLBAN, A. : Circuit of the Globe (1897), chs. TTT^-TTTT. 3&8*uww*<^ f*te WorM (1886), pp. d7^96; 1897, p. 123 MOQREHKAD, ftL W. Editor : The Student Missionary Enterprise (1894), see index, p. 366. MXTOLB, A. E. : Ghana as & Mission Field (1831), pt. II. MOTJUB, A. E. : New China and Old (1892), ch, X. J. L : China and the Chinese (1882), pp 300-33 L XIV BIBLIOGRAPHY Picket Line of Mission* (1897), chs IV., V. REID A2O> GBACEY : Missions and Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church (1895), voL I., pp. 409-485 ; voL II., pp 9-177. Eeports of the Boards of Missions of the Provinces of Canterbury and York on the Mission Field (1894), pp. 260-283. ROBSON, W. : Griffith John (n. d.). STACY, T. H. : In the Path of Light Around the "World (1895), ch. VL-VHI. TowtfSEND, W. J. : Robert Morrison (n. d ), especially ch X. WALSH, W. P. : Modern Heroes of the Mission Field (1881), ch.IV. "WILLIAMS, F. W. : Life and Letters of S. Wells "Williams (1888), especially chs. HL-X. WILLIAMS, S W. : Middle Kingdom (1882), voL n , pp. 318- 371; chs. XXIL, XXVI. Yorora, R. : Modern Missions, Their Trials and Trinmphi (1884), pp. 100-138. ADDITIONAL EEADIHGS FOE CHAPTEE VIL BAINBSIDGE, W. F. : Around the World Tour of Christian Mis- iions (1882). BBTSON, M. I. .^Fred. C. Eoberts of Tientsin (1895), chs. VII.- xn. BBYSOX, M. I. : John Kenneth Mackenzie (n. d ). Centenary Conference on Foreign Missions, London, 1888, yol. n., pp. 266-272; 308-315. China Imperial Maritime Cnstoms, Medical Reports, 1886-1890. Chinese Recorder f or 1892, pp. 199-209; 362-367; 556-563; for 1894, pp. 21-30; 66-72; 167-170; 172-174; 369-375; for 1896, pp. 62-72; 116-124; 107-115; 331-334; 374-384; 432- 440; for 1897, pp 563-569; for 1898, pp. 51-69; 227-233. COLTMAN, R. : The Chinese (1891), chs. VIII.-X. Conference on Missions at Liverpool, 1860, pp. 275, 276. DAVIS, J. A. : Leng Tso (1886). Du BOSB, H. C. : Preaching in Sinim (1893), chs. IV., V., VUL-XLT. DUDGEON, J. : The Diseases of China (1877). DITCES, E. J. : Along River and Road in Fuh-kien (n. d.), ch. VL, ix., xn., xin. FOSTES, A. : Christian Progress in China (1889), pp. 104-246. HETBT, B. C. : The Crois and the Dragon (1885), chs. XEU XXI. HODDEN B. : Conquests of the Cross (n. d.), see Index in vol m. . G. : Luther Halsey Gulick (1895), ch. XXVIIJ, BIBLIOGRAPHY W JOHNSTON, J. : China and Formosa (1897), ch. XTX. LOCKHART, W. : The Medical Missionary in China (1861), chs, VL-IX. LOWE, J. : Medical Missions (1887), ch. Y. MATHEWS, G. D., Editor: Alliance of the Reformed Churches (1892), pp. 151-156. MEABS, W. P. : Preservation of Health in the Far East (1895). Missionary Review of the World^ 1894, pp. 371, 372. Mission Press in China (1895). NEVTUS, H. S. C. : Life of John Livingstone Kevins (1895), es- pecially ch. XXXV. KEVIUS, J. L. : China and the Chinese (1882), chs. XXH.-XXV. NEVTUS, J. L : Methods of Mission Work (1895). Records of the Missionary Conference, Shanghai, 1877. Records of the Missionary Conference, Shanghai, 1890. Second Triennial Meeting of the Educational Association of China (1896), pp. 178-180; 243-253. SPOTTISWOODE, G. A. : Missionary Conference of the Anglican Communion (1894), pp. 213-221. STEVENS ANP MAEKWICK : Life, Letters and Journals of the Rev. and Hon. Peter Parker, M.D. (1896), ch. VIIL STOTT, G. : Twenty-sir Years of Missionary Work in China (1897). Student Missionary Appeal (1898), 331-335. WILLIAMSON, L : Old Highways in China (n. d.). ADDITIONAL READINGS FOR CHAPTER TUT. BARROWS, J. EL, Editor: World's Parliament of Religions (1893), vol H , pp 1137-1144. BROOMHALL, B. : Evangelization of the World (1887). China Mission Hand-Book (1896), pt I , pp. 83-92. Chinese Recorder for 1891, pp. 371-373; for 1894, pp 194-200; for 1895, pp. 151-161; 436-438; 501-508; for 1897, pp 27- 33, 67-71; 580, 581; for 1898, pp. 78-87, 161-169; 260-265; 311-320. Conference on Foreign Missions, Mildmay, 1886, pp. 94-107. CITRZON, G. K. : Problems of the Ear East (1896) chs IX., X. DENNIS, J. S. : Christian Missions and Social Progress (1897), vol L, pp. 80-86. DENNIS, J. S. : Foreign Missions after a Century (1893) pp. 76- 85. Evangelization of China (1897). GRAVES, R. H. : Forty Years in China (1895). GUINNESS, G. : In the Far East (1889), ch. XV., XVL GUNBRT, R. S. : China, Present and Past (1895), chs iy.,Y.,3L HENRY, B. C. : The Cross and the Dragon (1885), ch. XXV Xvi BIBLIOGRAPHY KELTEE AXD BBKWICK: Statesman's Year-Book (1898), pp. 422- 429. Li&Gis's, J. : Great Value and Success of Foreign Misaioni (1888), pp. 55-70. MABUJT, W. A. P. : A Qycle of Cathay (1896), pt IE. chs. 3X- XV. HABTIN, W. A. P. : Hanlin Papers, Second Series (1894), ch. XV1L Missionary Review of the World, 1892, pp. 81-91 ; 1896, pp. 100-106; 372, 373; 510-612; 1897, pp. 95-102; 116-120; 764-769; 1898, pp. 52-55 ; 127-132; 678-680; 68-^688. MOTT, J. B : Strategic Points in the World's Conquest (1897), ch. XV. MUIEHEAJJ, W. : China and the Gospel (1870), chs. VHL, IX. NBYIUS, J. L. : China and the Chinese (1882), chs. XXVII., XXVIIL REID : Glances at China (n. d.), chs. XXTHI., XXXIV. RICHABD, T. : The Awakening of China (1897). RUDDLE, T. : Samuel Thomas Thome (1893), ch. XVL Second Triennial Meeting of the Educational Association of China (1896), pp. 33-39. SMITH, A. H : Chinese Characteristics (1894), ch. XXVII. Kecords of the Missionary Conference, Shanghai, 1877, pp. 352-367. Records of the Missionary Conference, Shanghai, 1890, pp. 11- 22. SPEBK, E. E. : Missions and Politics in Asia (1898), lect. ILL Student Missionary Appeal (1898), pp. 336-345. TAYLOB, J H : China's Spiritual Need and Claims (1887). WILLIAMSON, A. : Journeys in North China (1870), vol. I., chfc I.-VL WILSOK, J. H. ; China (1894), ck. XXL JiETIOLBS OH CHISTA IN EECENT SBOTJIiAB PERIODICALS. BfackwoocFs Magazine : The Crisis in China, February, 1898. The Chinese Imbroglio, April, 1898. The Yellow Peril, June, 1898. Catholic Review : John Chinaman, January, 1898. Cfaavibers's Journal: The Mineral Eichei of China, March, 1898. Ohautauqiuin : Who -will Exploit China ? January, 1898. Europe in China, and the Great Siberian Railway, May, 1898. Oontempvrary Review : How China may be Saved, May, 1898. GoanopcJ&a* : The Land that is Central, March, 189$. BIBLIOGRAPHY Xvii Edinburgh Review : British Policy in China, July, 1898. Fortnightly : Germany in China, May, 1898 Forum : China and Chinese Railway Concessions, January, 1898. Harper's Monthly Magazine : The Situation in China, June, 1898. National Review: The Coming Partition of China, March, 1898* Great Britain's Future Policy in China, July, 1898. New Century Review : Life in China, April, 1898. Nineteenth Century : The Partition of China, January, 1898 North American Review ; America's Interest in China, Febn ary, 1898. KEY TO PRONUNCIATION OF CHINESE WORDS The system of Romanizing Chinese words followed in tnis book is that of Sir Thomas Wade as adapted to the Mandarin of Peking While it is impossible to accurately pronounce Peking- ese without the aid of a native, and though it would be useless to pronounce accurately in China, if the tones were not acquired as is still more impossible without a teacher an approxima- tion is here offered that the prevalent atrocious pronunciation of Western lands may be modified and that a correct Chinese pro- nunciation may be more nearly attained. Only those letters and combinations of letters occasioning difficulty are given ; others are pronounced as in English. We would repeat that the sug- gestions here made will only enable the reader to gain an ap- proximate pronunciation of the Peking Mandarin, the Parisian of China Only English equivalents or partial equivalents are given. Those who would gain a more accurate idea of Chinese pronunciation are referred to Wade and Hillier's " Tzii firh Chi." c as in father. at as in aisle. ao as ow in now. *cA s&j in^ar. ch' as in eAangeu ^ as in jwrch. e in A, en, as in yt, when* ei&Beyw whey. *hs as hss in Afesing, when the first i is omitted. < &a in machine, when it stands alone or at the end of a word. t ab pm, when in before n and ng. wi as eo in geology. iao as e ou in me out. le as in sfcsta. *Aaserin over, iu as eu in Jehu, when h is omit- ted. *j as the first r in regular. * fc aa g in 0ame. ft'as*. ng as in sing. *o as oa inboo-constticter; *p as 6. p'top, rh&srrvn bum ss as in hiss. r as*. * ts as ds in pa& &* as in ca& * tz as ds in patfs. te l as ts in ca& M as oo in too. ua as o of India, if one would realize the vast extent of the Chinese Empire. 2. The area of China Proper is not much more than one-third of the total extent of the Empire, measuring 1,312,328 square miles. Compared with familiar standards, it is equal to nearly one and a half times that part of the United States lying east of the Mississippi. Its territory would furnish more than enough material for ten United Kingdoms, there would be unused land after France had been laid down upon it six times over, and India without Bur- ma would extend beyond China's limits only by a alight fringe. An idea of the corresponding latitudes and longi- tudes bounding China Proper can be gained if we sup- pose it superimposed on the United States. The city of Mukden, in the remote northeast, may be placed on Boston. Its southernmost island will then lie upon Yucatan, Havana roughly corresponding in position with Canton. Its southwestern boundary will almost touch the Mexican coast to the north of Tampico. Kansas City will be near the northwestern boundary, if the extension of the province of Kan-su be neglected, and the northern frontier will thence pass through Chicago and Detroit back to Boston again. Stnkir^ Physical Features. Sloping to the eastward and to the southeast from the lofty ** rojrf of THE, WORLD OF THE CHINESE the world " in Central Asia,, the territory is seen to be alternately furrowed by extensive river systems, and divided up by mountain-ridges and hills, which cover the country save in the northeastern quarter, where there is an immense delta plain, one of the most no- ticeable features of the Empire. 1. The numerous rivers and many canals of China form its frequented highways. The two largest of these rivers ho is the term commonly used for river in the north, as kiang (chiang) is in the south are the Huang Ho, Yellow River, and the Kiang Biver, less properly called the Yang-tzu, or Son of Ocean, as its incorrectly written form is translated. The Huang Ho receives its name from the yellow clay deposit which it takes up in its course thorough the loess region of the provinces of Shan-hsi and Shen-hsi, the same deposit giving its color and name to the Yellow Sea also. As it reaches the Great Plain, this clay silts up the river-channel until its bed is in some places almost as high as the surrounding coun- try. Naturally, in times of unusual freshets, the illy constructed dikes are broken through, the populous low-lying plain is overwhelmed with, ruin, and occa- sionally ten times in the last 2,500 years the river opens a new channel to the sea. Its right to the ap- pellation of " China's Sorrow " will be granted when it is remembered that every such outbreak means the wholesale destruction of crops, the melting down of numberless adobe houses, and an enormous loss of human life millions having perished in the over- flow of 1887, for example. Far more useful is the Yang-tzu, called cc the girdle of China," because of its central position and the number of provinces through which it passes. Eising in Tibet, not far from the sources of the Huang Ho, this mighty river stands first in the world for ar- rangement of subsidiary streams which make its en- tire basin accessible from the sea. Ocean steamers readily reach Nanking ; river steamers can ascend as far ,as I-ch'ang, and a small steamer has just passed DAWN OX THE HILLS OF T*ANG through the rapids into the heart of Ssu-eh'nan ; while native boats navigate it as far as remote Yun- nan. The opening up of this river whose basin, with its 12,000 miles of navigable waterway, occu- pies nearly one-half of China Proper to the trade of the Occident is an important factor in China's future development. These and other smaller yet very im- portant rivers are her glory, and "no country can compare with her for natural facilities of inland navigation." 2. The lakes of the Empire are unimportant, though in some sections they are very numerous, as in Koko-nor, known by the Chinese as the " Sea of Stars/* because of its many lakelets. They are usually quite picturesque and support a large aquatic population, whose fleets of boats thickly dot their waters. The largest one, T k 'ung-ting Ifu, is about the size of our Great Salt Lake, and lies in the centre of China, giving its name to the provinces Hu-pei and Hu-nan " ^orth of the Lake " and " South of the Lake." 3. The various mountain ranges cannot be spoken of in detail. In general it may be said that starting from the Central Asian mountain system they trav- erse the western and southern provinces, decreasing in height as they approach the coast. Naturally, with this difference in elevation the rugged sides and snowy summits of the western ranges give place to the wooded tops and carefully cultivated terraces of the southeastern hills. Eoughly speaking, that por- tion of China lying west of the longitude of Canton is mountainous, while the region lying east of that same meridian and south of the x ang-tzft Elver is hilly. 4. The Great Plain occupies the remaining north- eastern section of the Empire, and forms its richest portion. Extending from a point somewhat north of Peking to a short distance below the Tang-tztt, with an average breadth of two hundred miles in its north- ern portion and four hundred miles in its southern, THE WORLD OF THE CHINESE it contains an area equal to that of the !N"ew Eng- land and Middle States, together with Maryland and Virginia. This plain is simply the slowly accumu- lating delta of the Huang Ho, aided somewhat by the Yang-tztL If historical statements can he trusted, the former river is encroaching upon the Yellow Sea at the rate of from seventy to one hundred feet per year. The significant fact concerning this plain is the vast population which it supports, it being estimated that one hundred and seventy-seven millions live upon that little strip of country, an average of nearly eight hundred and fifty per square mile. The states named above as its equivalent in area, though among the most densely populated in America, had in 1890 only a little over twenty million inhabitants, or an average of less than ninety-one per square mile. Bengal, the most thickly inhabited province of India, has four hundred and seventy-one per square mile, while the density of Belgium's population, which leads in Eu- ropean statistics, is but five hundred and seventy-one per square mile. Thus the Great Plain, with its mountain spur in eastern Shan-tung, is more densely settled by far than any other equally large portion of the world. 5. The fertility of this Plain is largely accounted for by the loess formation which is characteristic of the northern provinces, adding fertility to the soil and grotesqueness to the topography. Though many competent geologists have styled the loess "the most difficult geological problem," its appearance and characteristics are thus accurately described by Baron von Eichthofen : ''The loess is a solid friable earth of brownish-yellow color, and when triturated with water, not unlike loam, but differing from it by its highly porous and tubular structure ; these tubes are often lined with a film of lime, and ramify like the roots of plants. ... It spreads alike both over high and low ground, smoothing off the irregu- larities of the surface, and its thickness often consid* 8 D4 Wtf ON THE HILLS OF T'ANG erably exceeds 1,000 feet. It is not stratified, and lias a tendency to vertical cleavage. . . . It is very fertile, and requires little manure." This last char- acteristic has made it possible for farmers to raise two excellent crops year after year on the same plot of ground for many centuries. In the mountainous regions of the northern frontiers it furnishes comfort- able homes to many thousands, who escavate rooms in the side of loess cliffs, and live more comfortably in them than do the troglodytes of any other land. Two serious drawbacks arising from the loess for- mation are the dust-storms, which occur quite fre- quently in the winter, and the bad roads, due to the friable nature of the soil. The writer has journeyed over highways in northern Shan-hsi that were narrow canyons nearly fifty feet in depth, formed by the pul- verization of the soil by cart traffic, the dust being swept away by the first strong wind or heavy rain, 6. Chinese scenery is as varied as a tropical and a cold climate, lofty mountains and low-lying hills, elevated plateaus and monotonous plains rising only a few feet above the ocean, parched and sterile areas and fertile districts bathed in moisture, would lead one to expect. While the gorges of the great rivers and the scenery of the western highlands are the most striking scenic features, there is a quiet beauty no less attractive as one gazes upon the terraced and carefully cultivated hills of the southeast, and the matchless mosaic formed by differing crops of the multitudinous farms of the G-reat Plain, which serve as a setting for adobe hamlets embowered in elms, villows, and the so-called date-trees. Most striking to the occidental traveller are the massive walls of China's more than 1,700 walled cities, often overgrown in the south with roses and honey- suckle, and reminding one everywhere of dreams of the mediaeval period in European history. Almost equally impressive are the evidences everywhere present in tbe littoral provinces, and in those bordering on the Yflg-tzii, of a ang Hsi's seventh edict, " Discounten- ance and banish strange doctrines, in order to ezalt the correct doctrine " aimed especially at Buddhism as opposed to Confucianism Buddhist temples are on all 4 < the hills and under every green tree/* and Buddhist monks and nuns greatly outnumber those of the Taoists. 3. Popular Buddhistic doctrines in China are of the northern type, as opposed to the cold and cheer- less faith of Ceylon, Burma, and Siam. While there are two great divisions and thirteen Buddhist sects in the Empire, they differ little in popular estimation ; and as they have borrowed from Confucianism "its reverence for ancestors and for state, and from Taoism its demigods and its geomantic superstitions/' men of every creed rejoice in its banyan-like shade. Their belief concerning Buddha is almost identical with that found in Asvaghosha's (( Life of Buddha," and thus resembles what is found in Arnold's " Light of Asia." Theoretically the great laws of Buddha are eight : " Eight views, including the faculty for discerning the truth; "equal and unvarying wisdom," i.e., ab- sence of evil or pernicious thoughts ; " right speech/' excluding idle or pernicious language ; " correct con- duet/' or purity ; right life/' or that of a religious mfflutinant ; " right endeavor," or the use of proper expedients ; " right recollection/' or repeating from a true meBiory Buddha's kw and the formulae of wor- RELIGIONS OF THE CHIXESE 69 ship; and "right meditation/* or the ezercise of a mental abstraction that leaves the mind vacant for the entrance of truth. " These are the eight roads, even and level, by which to avoid the sorrow of re- peated birth and death." Practically, however, the Chinese Buddhist cares more for a work called ff The Rules of Merit and Transgression " than for snch ab- stract teachings. Thns he is careful to do good deeds, the most meritorious of which are to marry, when rich, a deformed girl to whom betrothed when Oor, to publish a part of the Classics, and to forgive a debt, each netting him one hundred credits ; to de- stroy the stereotype plates of immoral books, three hundred credits, and to seek to be pure through life, credit 1,000. Similarly the pious Buddhist will avoid loving a wife more than father and mother, being guilty of usury, cooking beef or dog-meat, digging up a coffin, and drowning an infant, all of which inflict one hundred demerits, and will especially avoid pub- lishing an obscene book, the penalty for which is measureless. The doctrine of metempsychosis, which underlies all Buddhistic teaching, and which was incorporated from Buddhism into the later Taoism, makes life de- sirable or undesirable, according to one's present lot and one's balance of merit or demerit. The wheel of transmigration ceaselessly turning in Hades with its sis ranks or spokes insects, fish, birds, animals, poor men, and mandarins renders the death-bed a place of curious and awful dread. Yet this is the firm belief of almost every man, woman, and child in China even of the learned Confuciamst, who, with his exaltation of filial piety, sometimes yields before Buddha's reason for not eating flesh, viz., that in so doing one might very likely eat an ancestor, reborn in animal form. The Buddhist heaven was a new idea to the Chi- nese. They care little, however, for the heavens de- scribed in Sanskrit phrases the lower ones admitting of sensuous pleasures, and the superior heavens where 70 DAWS OX THE HILLS OF T'ANG happiness consists in thought or pure being ; still less do they care for the highest heavens, which " admit of no thought, nor do they exclude it; the condition here is purely transcendental." What millions long for, and only thousands can reasonably hope to attain, is the "VFestern Paradise. " This happy region is ex- quisitely adorned with gold and silver and precious gems. * There are pure waters with golden sands, sur- ronnded by pleasant walks., and covered with large lotns flowers. . . . Again, heavenly music is ever heard in this abode ; flowers rain down each day three times. . . . Again, there are in this para- dise birds of every kind, . . . which during the six watches raise their notes in concert to sing the praises of religion. . . , Again, the name of hell is there an unknown word ; there is no birth in * an evil way/ no fear of such births. . . . And liv- ing there is a multitude of purified and venerable persons, difficult to count, innumerable, incalculable. And therefore all beings ought to make fervent prayer for that country/* Over against this ineffable glory must be put the Buddhist hells, or earth-prisons, which, however, are not often distinguished one from another in the pop- ular mind. The ordinary conception is gained from the hell found in some Buddhist temples, where, set forth with all the plastic or pictorial arts, are seen the horrors of the damned, most of whom are women. The ten kings of hell, infernal lictors, black, white, and blue devils, the mortar, mill, chopping- knif e, caldron of boiling oil, cylinder, village of wild dogs, lake of blood, bridge of snakes, hill of knives all with their suffering victims -demons sawing women asunder or pulling out their tongues, men wandering aimlessly up rugged heights with decapi- tated head in hand, are all so grewsomely depicted or sculptured in that chamber of horrors, that even for- eigners cannot sleep after visiting one because of troubled dreams. And what is the Buddhist* $ salvation f The Nirvana RELIGIONS OF THE CHINESE of the books, gained in Buddha's way ; but straight is that gate, and only a pitiful few of China's millions are seen agonizing to enter in thereat. As for the rest, if they live a compassionate, benevolent life, and have a large credit on their moral ledger, a better transmigration may be expected a woman be born a man, if she has been surpassingly saintly, and a poor man be reborn as a scholar with a sure chance of growing rich from the spoils of office. There are also saviours among the gods who can aid mortals, thanks to the attempt of Xorthern Buddhism to meet an inborn need of every human soul. 4. The Buddhist priesthood is too ignorant and inactive to merit special mention. Monks and nuns are scarcely distinguishable, as both sexes have un- bound feet, loose socks and trousers, yellow robes, made flowing to allow for spiritual influences, and clean-shaven pates. Begging alms in the street, raising funds for temple repairs by various nerve- moving austerities, and their numerous and noisy presence at the prolonged wake preceding funerals, constitute their main extra-temple functions. 5. Temples and pagodas are the architectural con- tributions 'of Buddhism to the community, though Confucianism and Taoism claim the latter as super- lative instruments for bringing to earth the celestial influences so essential to gepmancy. Except in cities, temples are always beautifully situated, usually in some quiet or picturesque spot. Their generous courts and capacious buildings are the resort of visi- tors, as well as the dwelling-place of many gods and of their human attendants. 6. The worship at these temples is largely liturgical and hence incomprehensible, as the liturgy is in Sanskrit, which is only imperfectly represented by Chinese sounds. The portly abbot supported by his retinue of monks, candles and burning incense, the monotonous droning of liturgies, the repetition of merit-bringing phrases and prayers accompanied by the rattle of rosaries, the measured beating of wooden X OX THL HILLS OF T'AXG fish-heads, and prostrations in an atmosphe *e heavy with pent-np smoke, are the prevailing impressions brought away by the visitor. 7. The gvJs in whose honor this worship is per- formed are too numerous to name, since Chinese Buddhism has adopted a most catholic pantheon of deities. Prominent among them are the Triad of Past, Present, and Future Buddhas, known as the Three Precious Ones, Amita and Kuan Tin. The latter, formerly considered a god, has for centuries been a goddess, and is the most common object of veneration among Chinese Buddhists. Her fuller name means 6( the Sovereign who regards the prayers of the world," and she is also known as the fe most merciful, most compassionate. 9> She is a Buddhist Saviour who can rescue from earthly ills and demoni- acal hosts every sort and condition of men, from the lunatic, whose prayer makes him sane, to the wisest mandarin of the "Empire. "G-reat Mercy, Great Pity, save from misery, save from evil broad, great, efficacious, responsive Kuan Yin Buddha/' is a cry that penetrates the throne room on the Isle of P'u T*o and moves the heart of the Queen of Heaven. "The Giving Sons Kuan Yin," resembling most strikingly the image of the {e Madonna and Child/* and two other metamorphoses of her are all greatly reverenced. Associated with Kuan Yin in worship is Amitabha, Amita, or &wii-t f o, as he is called in Chinese. He is the Buddha of f Boundless Light/* so called be- cause " his brightness is boundless, and he can illu- mine all kingdoms. His life, boundless and shoreless, ertends through many kalpas." His chief value in Chinese eyes lies in the fact of his being the ff guid- ing Buddha/' who directs his worshippers to the greatly desired "Western Paradise. Pronounce his magic name as many times as possible in one breath, and some 25, 000 times a day, concentrate the thought on Ajnita like a thread running through beads, call on hie name for seven days with fixed heart, and at RELIGIONS OF THE CHINESE death Amita with his holy throng will appear before you ; your heart will not be turned upside down, but, as candidate for the lily-birth, you will be born in the Pure Land. Chinese Geomancy. This is known as feng- shui literally wind and water and is everywhere a powerful factor in Chinese life. While it may owe most to the Taoists for its development, it is the product of superstition-mongers of all the sects. Though founded on one of the most ancient Classics, the Yi Ching, it became systematized only in the twelfth century ; yet in seven hundred years it has become 6e one of the most gigantic systems of delusion that ever gained prevalence among men." 1. The original objects of care giving rise to the systems were the spirits of departed ancestors. Made powerful by the act of death, their mediatorship was greatly sought by the living. Xaturally their sepul- chre-home was of great importance, and only " wind and water doctors " could properly locate this. Later, however, the sites of houses, shops, pagodas, and cities came to be determined by these doctors, and their science broadened out until it included "cosmogony, natural philosophy, spiritualism, and biology, so far as they have these* sciences." 2. Spirits of the dead are but media through whom survivors can influence the real power, which is nature. Mature is regarded as a living organism, over which hover invisible hosts of malignant bekigs that need to be propitiated. " If a tomb is placed so that the spirit dwelling therein is comf ortable, the inference is that the deceased will grant those who supply its wants all that the spirit world can grant. A tomb located where no star on high or dragon be- low, no breath of nature or malign configuration of hills, can disturb the peace of the dead, must there- fore be lucky, and worth great effort to secure." 3. if The principles ofqeomancy depend much on two supposed currents running through the earth, known as the dragon and the tiger ; a propitious site has 74 DAWX OX THE HILLS OF T'ANG these on its left and right. A skilful observer can detect and describe titem, with the help of the com- pass, direction cc the water-courses, shapes of the male and female ground and their proportions, color of the soil, ani tSe permutation of the elements." 4. Evidences of the powe r of this system, are seen almost everywhere. Graves with their armchair con- figuration in the south, crooked streets, blank walls and screens to prevent spirits from gaining impetus through rectilinear motion, pagodas and temples erected to improve f eng-shui, the location of Peking and of the mausolea of grandees and emperors, theo- ries about the height of new buildings near older ones, hostility to two-storied houses of foreigners and spires of Christian churches, and the prevalent dread of telegraphs, railroads, and mines, so fearfully inimical to good luck these are a few samples of many. In a word, the universal fear of bad fagans, a minister who ac- commodated himself to their superstitions ; the man- darins, a polite courtier skilled in all the trickery of courts/' An impartial student of his life woul PREPARATION AND BEGINNINGS hardly venture to assent,, however, to their assertion that he was a faithful servant of the devil, ff who, far from destroying, established his reign among the heathen, and even extended it to the Christians. 2. Later Catholic leaders of this early period were men of great ability, though less open to criticism than the crafty Ricci. The talented and learned Ger- man Jesuit, Schall, at one time tutor of the Emperor K'ang Hsi ; Faber, the miracle-working saint of Shen- hsi, and Verbiest, of whom a competent witness says, " ~So foreigner has ever enjoyed so great power and confidence from the rulers of China as this priest/* were men who did much for China as well as for their Church. But worldly favor speedily changes its : Hosanna ! ** to ( ' Crucify him ! " and Catholicism gradually be- came much hampered in its work. Persecution in the provinces affected both missionary and convert ; and though at court Catholic scholars were tolerated, it was mainly because of their secular services as as- tronomers, scientists, surveyors of the Empire, etc., that they were held in esteem. Finally, the rivalries and opposition of popes and priests to one another, and to the opinion of K'ang Hsi caused Yung Chng to issue his order of 1724, strictly prohibiting the propagation of the T'ien Chu Chiao, or Lord of Heaven Sect. 3. A period of eclipse followed, which practically lasted until the treaties of 1858 inaugurated a new era. During these thirteen decades persecution, ex- ile, imprisonment, and death were common experi- ences, and some of the most heroic and devoted deeds are recorded of both missionaries and their converts. At risk of life converts stood by the Church and its leaders in a way that is a prophecy full of hope for the time when the Protestant Church shall be sub- jected to similar trials. In spite of all opposition 400,000 converts were enrolled in the Church in 1846 and eighty foreign missionaries ministered to their scattered flocks. go DAr>\>' c:,' THZ HILLS OF 4:. Sih~e 18o$ Catholic missions have prospered. Old occasions cf much friction have been removed by the apportionment of the different orders to sections by themselves, so thai Jesuit and Dominican no longer need w^r each upon the other. Diplomacy of Euro- pean Catholic powers has by means not always be- yond critxCism gained for Catholicism and hence,, by the "most favored nation clause," for Protestants also toleration and protection. Church property, practically sequestered during the decades of eclipse, has been again restored, often with most astonishing and dubious enlargement, and lay brothers of keen business instincts have dealt in property desired by foreigners in a way that renders some missions self- supporting. Imposing churches have been built, in one case with a roof of imperial tiles surreptitiously secured and painted, so that their real character would become only slowly apparent, and progress is evident all along the line. " 5. A word about Catholic methods must suffice. From the outset they have sought to adapt them- selves to the people and to the popular need. If curiosity filled the mind of officials and the Court, curious clocks and other "Western novelties were used. Science being demanded, they were mathematicians, surveyors, and astronomers. They may have gone too far in becoming all things to all men, but their idea is worthy of careful consideration in our day of na- tional transformation and new needs. Practical tfiarity has never been forgotten, and the labors of a consecrated company of Sisters of Charity must not be forgotten. Orphan asylums and the work of teaching girls those arts which are needed in the Christian home, as well as branches of learning that will be useful, have been of great value to the Church. The native convert has not been forgotten in his re- lation to his family and the native Church. The rais- ing of European vegetables, and arts, such as those of watch-repairing, electro-plating, etc., have been taught by the missionaries, thus enabling converts to be self- PREPARATION AXD MEGIXXIXGS supporting. Tidiness and self-respect, as well as de- votion to the Church, are assiduously inculcated. Noris the convert's usefulness fo the Church forgot- ten. From the day that tae noble Hsu and his daugn- ter Candida were won by Ricci to the present time, they have been used. "While few have approached the usefulness of Candida, who built " thirty-nine churches in different provinces and printed 130 Christian books for her countrymen/* as well as set blind story-tellers at work telling the Gospel story, they have * been used by the priests for the good of Mother Church in many ways. Other features have not been so praiseworthy. Thus one cannot rejoice with the many Catholic writ- ers who have told of the great accessions, won by women mainly, who figure as amateur doctors and visit homes where children lie at the point of death, and who, "bjihispieuse ruse, baptize seven or eight thousand infants every year/* Xor can one approve of the activity of the foreign priests in supporting converts who have law-suits, though this practice se- cures many accessions. Pere Ripahas brought against his missionary 'breth- ren charges that still largely lay at their door. He accounts for their lack of wide influence by their feeble attempts to gain an accurate use of the lan- guage, their imitation of officials in their dress, their mode of travel, their haughty isolation from the common people, and their relegation of preaching and the main care of converts to the native catechists. 6. Catholicism's relation to Protestant missionaries and their work is a blot on the name of the Church, from which one would gladly turn away. Until com- paratively recently their policy was simply that of "let alone/* but at present it is quite otherwise. Be* ginning first as a system of proselyting among Prot- estant Chinese, it has proceeded to most active op- position, amounting often to bitter persecution of Chinese Christians. Being fearless of law-suits be- cause of Catholic protection, and unscrupulous as to 'X OX TJiE HILLS OF T'AXG method if only the Church is the gainer, they repeatedly attempted to blot out weak Protestant com- munities." TTMle this has been mainly confined to three or four provinces, and has probably been little encouraged by the missionaries themselves, the evil is a growing one, and must be reckoned with in fore- casting Protestantism's future in China. It should be added that most of the criticisms of missions made by the Chinese and by anti-missionary foreigners, in- cluding nearly every item of any validity, are charge- able to the policy and work of Catholic missions, though these critics do not discriminate between Catholics and Protestants in their accusations. 7. While it is believed that the above strictures would be agreed to by any impartial writer cognizant of the facts, the other side of the case should be borne in mind. Drs, Milne and Medhurst, early Protestant missionaries of catholicity and candor, thus testify to the merits of these first modern occupants of "the field. Dr. Milne wrote : " The learning, personal virt- nes, and ardent zeal of some of them, deserve to be imitated by all future missionaries ; will be equalled by few, and, perhaps, rarely exceeded by any. Their steadfastness and triumph in the midst of persecu- tions, even to blood and death, in all imaginable forms, show that the questionable Christianity which they taught is to be ascribed to the effect of educa- tion, not design, and affords good reason to believe that they have long since joined the army of mar- tyrs, ancl are now wearing the crown of those who spared not their lives unto the death, but overcame by the blood of the Lamb and the word of His testi- mony. It is not to be doubted that many sinners were, through their labors, turned from sin to holi- ness, and they will finally have due praise from God as fellow- workers in His Kingdom/' Dr. Medhurst further testified : f ' Some idea of their doctrines may be gathered from the books which they have published in the Chinese language. PREPARATION AND BEGINNINGS 93 Many of these are written in a lucid and elegant style, and discuss the points at issue between Chris- tians and Confucians in a masterly and conclusive manner. Their doctrinal and devotional works are clear on the Trinity and the Incarnation, while the perfections of the Deity, the corruption of human nature, and redemption by Christ are fully stated ; and though some unscriptural notions are now and then introduced, yet, all things considered, it is quite possible for humble and patient learners to dis- cover bv such teaching their sinful condition, and trace out the way of salvation through a Redeemer. It must not be forgotten, also, that the Catholics translated the major part of the Xew Testament into Chinese, and though there is no evidence of its hav- ing been published, yet large portions of the gospels and epistles were inserted in the lessons printed for the congregations. As it regards the sciences, the Catholics have done much to develop them to the Chinese ; and a native who had been instructed by them lately published a treatise on astronomy and geography which has been highly esteemed and widely circulated. The Romish missionaries have not been remiss in preparing works for the elucida- tion of the Chinese language to Europeans." He might also have added that nearly all of value that was known concerning China in the Occident until this century came from Catholic sources. With any disadvantage to the cause of Protestant missions arising from the presence of Catholic Chris- tians, it certainty means considerable for the King- dom of God that in sixteen of the provinces, includ- ing hostile Hu-nan, as well as in Manchuria and Mongolia, are European missionaries and Catholic converts, estimated to number in 1898 about one million. The Greek Church in China. The bare fact only needs to be mentioned that this communion gained an entrance in 1685 into Peking, where it has since had its chief seat. A treaty made with Russia O.V THE HILLS OF T'AJiG four j^irs later permitted the establishment of a college for Greek priests. It has had some scholars of note, like the Archimandrite Palladins, bnt their literary work has been confined mainly to Chinese and Russian, and so has done little for modern mis- gions. Considerable assistance has, however, been derived from their Chinese versions by Protestant Bible translators. In recent years this Chnrch has again given itself with some earnestness, bnt with little success, to the gaining of converts. What effect the growing inflnence of Eussia will have upon their Church can only be sonnified* VI TH;R PROTESTANT OCCUPATION OF CHINA ALL the religions movements, detailed In the pre- ^"ous chapter, were to a greater or less degree pre- paratory for the work of Protestantism. Yet, as has "been suggested, eyery one of them, the work of Borne not excepted, had also sown many tares in the field, which have proven a greater embarrassment in many cases than the good seed has been of help. The be- ginning of the Protestant enterprise was "accordingly beset with difficulties. The edict of 1724 was still in force, and the few Catholic missionaries in the country were mainly in hiding. Protestantism's Pioneer. Xotrithstanding the extensive work of Catholicism in the Empire and its inculcation of most of the great truths of Eevela- tion, Dr. Williams, in his sketch of Eobert Morrison, regards him, rather than Rome, as having laid the foundations of the Church of Christ in China. 1. This last and boot-tree maker of Newcastle-upon- Tyne journeyed from England to China via America, and during his early career lived with the Americans at Canton. Morrison had been planning to go to Timbuctpo, but in being sent to China God had an- swered his prayer that He ee would station him in that part of the missionary field where the difficulties were the greatest, and, to all human appearance, the most insurmountable." He arrived not only with a letter from our Secretary of State to the United States consul, but also with a preparation unusually complete for that day. He had whetted his memory to attack Chinese by a use of the 119th Psalm and other mnemonic tests,, and had further prepared him- 95 DAWX o:: THE HILLS OF self for Ms future field by the acquisition of a theo- logical education and a fair acquaintance with medi- cine and astronomy. and lie had transcribed two manuscripts, one a Chinese translation of the Xew Testament LB far as Hebrews probably by a Catholic missionary the other a Latin and Chinese diction- ary. S-2 hud also begun in London a,na i/Cu^nned on shipboard the study of the spoken language tinder a Cantonese teacher named Yang. 2. His twenty-seven years of Chinese service are thus summarized in the inscription upon his tomb in the resting-place for the Protestant dead at Macao : "Sacred to" the memory of Robert Morrison, D.D., the first Protestant missionary to China, where, after a service of twenty-seven years cheerfully spent in extending the Kingdom of the Blessed Redeemer, during which period he compiled and pnblished a Dictionary of the Chinese Language, founded the Anglo-Chinese College at Malacca, and for several years labored alone on a Chinese version of the Holy Scriptures, which he was spared to see completed and widely circulated among those for whom it was destined, he sweetly slept in Jesus. He was born at Morpeth, in Northumberland, January 5, 1782, was sent to China by the London Missionary Society in 1SOT, was for twentv-five years Chinese translator in the employ of the East India Company, and died at Canton August 1, 1S34/ V One must read many things between the lines of this inscription. His service under the Company, besides being a necessity, if he would remain in the Empire instead of laboring on its fringe, as did his early associates, was also the means of securing a liberal salary with which he greatly aided other mis- sionary schemes, the Malacca Anglo-Chinese College in particular. The difficulty of obtaining a teacher was so great that when he secured a Pekingese of the Catholic faith, this man carried about poison with which to commit suicide, if his countrymen detected him in his unlawful employment. Weary and as- THE PROTEST A XT OCCUPATION OF CHI&A 97 siduous private labors secured Morrison bis first con- vert, Tsai Ako, in 1814, but as he was never suffered to preach in public, he won only a few during his entire career. Schemes of various sorts, calculated to benefit foreigners and the Chinese, found in him their cordial supporter, though it must be confessed that a few of these were somewhat visionary. While Morrison possessed none of those charms which made Eicci so acceptable TO the Chinese, unlike the latter, he never stooped to compromise, but laboriously laid those strong and deep foundations that have ever since characterized the work of Protestant missions. In a word, he was to China very much what Carey was to India. War and Missions. The Protestant beginnings had been made, but missions at Morrison's death were greatly hanrDered. How were these restrictions to be removed ? The answer can partly be found in the Hebrew statement, " The Lord is a man of war/* and though these wars were in some cases without justification, He caused good to spring from the evil doing of men. 1. TJie Opium War, as it is called, grew out of what the Chinese regarded as an undoubted right and duty, while the English could with some justice take the stringent measures employed by them. The destruction by the Chinese of 20,283 chests of opi- um, brought to their shores in foreign bottoms, and their haughty and unwise conduct accompanying this action, led to a war lasting from July 5, 1841, to September 15, 1842, when the Nanking treaty was ratified. While much can be said in defence of Britain's action, and though Queen Victoria's order recites that "satisfaction and reparation for the late inju- rious proceedings of certain officers of the Emperor of China against certain of our officers and subjects shall be demanded of the Chinese Government," still, when the broad issue at stake is considered, which was the attempt by the Emperor to root out DAWX TA r THE HILLS OF T'AXG a vice fatal to his people, one can hardly escape the conviction that the "war was at once " unjust " and " immoral/' Whatever may be the reader's opinion, the Chinese have always looked upon it as a stigma trpon the British name and a valid objection against Christianity. The second article of the treaty granted the right of residence in Canton, Amoy, Fu-chow, Xingpo, and Shanghai a right eagerly embraced by waiting missionary boards and Hongkong became British territory. Two years later France and America con- cluded treaties with China, which included the right to erect houses of worship in the ports. The French treaty led the way in procuring the revocation of the persecuting edicts of 1724 and later, and the issue of a decree of toleration. These provisions were partly a dead letter, however, until I860. Dr. TVilliams says of the outcome of this war which opened up part of China to the world: " Looked at in any point of view, political, commercial, moral, or intellectual, it will al- ways be considered as one of the turning-points in the history of mankind, involving the welfare of all nations in its wide-reaching consequences. " 2. Though missionaries could now enter strategic cities, it was reserved for a native rebellion to adver- tise in a general, though unfortunate way, the lead- ing features of Christianity. The leader of this T'ai P'mg Great Peace Rebellion was a student named Hung Hsiu-ch'uan, who had met Liang, one of Milne's converts, and read several tracts composed by that venerable Chinese Christian. These books, sickness and a series of cataleptic visions, and some instruction from missionaries, notably an American, L J. Roberts, finally resulted in Bung's beginning a quiet movement of instruction and religious reform. So large a following soon gathered about him that ambition was aroused and he headed a rebellion which rapidly spread until it had reached from the South to within little more than one hundred miles of Peking. Some of China's fairest provinces were laid THE PROTESTANT OCCUPATION OF CHINA 99 waste, for nearly fifteen years the evils of internal strife scourged the Empire, and fully 20,000,000 of Chinese perished. It was finally crushed out in 1S65 by the Imperialists, aided most powerfully by " Chi- nese Gordon" and his Ever Victorious Army, which owed its origin and early strength to an American named Ward. This rebellion will appear most significant when it is remembered that it was a movement managed by Chinese, the leaders of whom were the student, Hung, and two of his converts who were school- teachers. Its progress from 1844 to 1851 when it became a rebellion was promising for Christianity. Hung established communities called Churches of God. t: A strictly moral conduct and the keeping of the Sabbath were enjoined on the congregations ; all idolatrous practises and the use of opium were for- bidden ; proffers of union from leaders of the Great Triad Society, pledged to the restoration of a native Chinese dynasty, were rejected." As the movement which Hung and his followers, later called T'ien Kuo Kingdom of Heaven developed, however, its leader became emboldened, and gave forth revelations and decrees as from "the Heavenly Father** and ( ' the Heavenly Elder Brother. " Gradually the proc- lamation of salvation by repentance and faith in Jesus, which had given his preaching such power at the first, was abandoned, and worldly ambition and blasphemy greatly increased. Were it not for this fact, the early religious organization of his army and kingdom would have done credit to CromwelL While the T'ai P 4 ings are execrated for their deeds of blood, they carried throughout the eastern provinces Christian phrases and some corrupted Christian ideas. The rebellion had shown that a Christian basis could underlie a great movement, and it had brought China's future great -statesman, Li Htmg- chang, into vital touch with the saintly Major Gor- don, whose influence upon him and other high offi- cials has never been forgotten. 100 DAW.y O.V THE HILLS OF T'A&'G 3. The second war with Great Britain occnrred during the T k ai P fc ing Bebellion, and was known as the ^ Arrow War, 3 * Because a lorcha bearing that name and flying the British flag apparently unlaw- fully had been seized by the Chinese and" the flag hanled down. This conflict, which began in 1857, when Canton was captured, was not finally concluded until in 1660 war was carried to the very gates of Peking. The treaties, which were then made with England, Bussia, France, and the United States, permitted residence and trade in sir additional cities m China and one in Sheng-ching. "It conceded the right to travel with passports thronghont the eighteen provinces, and contained also a special clause giving protection to foreigners and natives in the propagation and adoption of the Christian relig- ion. . . . The moral effect of this war was very great. The superiority of Western nations, at least in this one art, could no longer be questioned, and a much more favorable impression was made by the moderation, magnanimity, and clemency of the victors than by their military power/' Previous to this time, William Burns was tne only one who syste- matically disregarded the limitation of evangelization to the five ports ; henceforth every missionary was free to roam at will throughout the land. Missionary work could not be permanent if it could only be carried on through itineration, and ex- cept in the ports and at Peking this was all that the treaties allowed. The additional right of residence was gained through the French treaty, which, in Article VI. of the Chinese text, though not m the French original, which was the final authority, con- tained this provision : "It is, in addition, permitted to French missionaries to rent and purchase land in all the provinces, and to erect buildings thereon at pleasure/' Strange to say, the Chinese have never made serious objection to this most questionable piece of diplomacy, probably because the clause was in their own version of the treaty, and so was ao THE PROTESTANT OCCUPATION CF CHINA IOI cepted consciously by them. The advantage coming to French Catholic missionaries accrued as well to Prot- estant missionaries of other treaty-making Powers, because of the clause extending to all Powers the ad- vantages granted to the most favored nation ; hence every missionary legally possesses the right to secure residences and erect mission buildings where de- sired. A new obstacle to missions soon arose from the fact that it was understood that missionaries should first secure the consent of the officials before purchasing property, and that often caused delay or failure. Though the French minister in 13 Go obtained a con- vention making this permission unnecessary, it was not until the French and United States ministers re- vived the clause thirty years later that it became practically operative. 4. Wars and rumors of war have effected other helpful features in mission work. Thus the mas- sacre at Tientsin of twenty French and Russian sub- jects in 1870, largely as the result of fancied abuses in the orphanage of the Sisters of Charity, led to a concentration of the naval forces of the ^Powers in the North. War was finally averted, but it gave nse to the first Chinese state paper discussing the diffi- culties connected with Christian missions, and some of the evils of Catholic mission policy were con- demned, with the result that the missionaries of that confession have partly given up their questionable practices. A further" result of this threatened war was the use of unexpended military appropriations in establishing the Chinese Educational Commission, under the leadership of a Chinese graduate of Tale, Yung Wing. Though the young men sent to America for education were recalled before they were fully prepared for national service, many bright students, some of whom are in influential positions in China to-day, have personal acquaintance with Christian institutions, and a fe~w of them are earnest Chris- tians, . . ii^ap^a ;o idn JT-.X cc X 2 : s^oc-as AS? jo . "" X :c t > s 35 aic oqn asaq? jo jaqranK .so .*H D ssirenffasrai panrspio sss^s^sas " enalty of such schools. These institutions are especially Valuable for the young women, the future wives and mothers of the Christian community, who there learn lessons in home-making that will prove invaluable. The studies pursued in such schools are disap- pointingly limited in range in the opinion of the newly arrived foreigner ; yet in many cases they are such as are best adapted to the peculiar needs of the Chinese. Ancient and modern languages except English along the coast and in the ports are not worth learning, as dense ignorance on more vital topics exists, and the study of their own Classics is indispensable as an element of Chinese culture, and as a mental discipline is almost as valuable as Greek and Latin to the student of the West. 3. Comparatively few genuine colleges exist. Yet the pressing need of the near future is that of a body of well-trained natives who can enter the vast fields opening to the civil engineer, the mining expert, the electrician, and the topographical engineer. Astron- omy and mathematics, which have previously been desired, must also be taught. It can be said with perfect truth that thus far the missionaries have been China's beet, and almost only, instructors, and in the higher institutions students are being trained who receive a moral education second to that im- parted in no Western college, and a mental develop- THE MISSIONARIES AT WORK merit that compares favorably with that of our stu- dents. The Chinese are settling for themselves the mooted question of English study. The new demand for a Knowledge of our language has drawn to mission col- leges young men of a higher social standing than have ordinarily been reached, and they have gladly paid the required fees. As a mere matter of acquir- ing knowledge, more accurate information could be gained through Chinese, and in a far less time than is necessary when English is the medium of instruc- tion. But the question of keeping up with the progress in the sciences is a most serious one, if Chinese text-books and periodicals are the sole de- pendences. Moreover, English is the only possibil- ity of communicating with most Western merchants and promoters of various sorts, and as pidgin English is wofully meagre, a full-fledged variety is a neces- sity. Thus far the chief difficulty connected with its study has been the fact that English-speaking compradores, etc., are in such demand that students are drafted off as soon as they get a fair command of the tongue, and often fall before the temptation to "squeeze" the foreigner. With few honorable ex- ceptions, such men are of little use to the native church thereafter. Another charge brought against English instruc- tion and Western education in general is that so much time is required for such studies that the stu- dent cannot acquire his own classical language, thus failing to have influence as a writer over thepower- ful literary element of the Empire. Yet, if Western ideas are modified enough to permit the memoriza- tion of the Classics, in part at least, and of study aloud, so that tones can be corrected by the teacher, it is quite possible for the student, aided by modern ideas of education, to gain much knowledge from the West, as well as Chinese culture, in the same number of years required for taking the Chinese degrees. 122 DAWN OX THE HILLS OF T'ANG 4. Industrial education has its advocates in some missions, both as a means of discipline and as a prep- aration for usefulness and self-support in later life. It has its value, also, in ennobling the native concep- tion of labor and in living down the current convic- tion that the moment the scholar's gown is donned the finger-nails may grow and no manual labor be undertaken a curse of China's present situation. The growing demand for technical schools will also aid in this direction. 5. Education for Ctmstian service is an endeavor that even those boards approve of which do not en- courage a general educational work. Station-classes for men and women separate, of course bring to- gether for a few weeks or months, usually in the winter season, when people are least busy, a company of interested Christians or inquirers anxious to be fitted for usefulness in their homes. It is a rare priv- ilege to have in charge such a class. Some are stupid, but all are eager learners ; for, as thej often say, " This is heaven, and such heavenly privileges are never undervalued or misimproved. Hundreds every year gain information and inspiration in these classes that enable them to stand alone in the midst of persecution, and become a savor of life unto life among unbelieving multitudes. The few theological schools established attempt to do more thoroughly for chosen young men of the Church what station-classes accomplish for the uned- ucated many in more advanced life. Though For- mosa missions must now be considered as belonging to Japan, Dr. Mackay^s class of theological students receive there a training as nearly ideal as can be found for Chinese helpers. On the Chinese main- land seminary students are most thoroughly edu- cated in all that pertains to the work of evangeliza- tion and the regular ministry, and in these institutions are men some of whom have mastered the content* nd drunk in the spirit of the Bible as no seminary students of the Occident have done. THE MISSIONARIES AT WORK 123 Literature in Chinese Missions. As no other missionary country honors literature so highly as China, so literary work has had a correspondingly large amount of attention given it. 1. The preparation of literature of every variety, Bibles, religious treatises, educational works, and periodicals both secular and religious, has fallen al- most entirely on the shoulders of missionaries, as did, in the earlier days, the writing of philological works. Many have become authors who have no gifts in that direction, but it is probably true that no country has had so large a number of competent translators and authors as China. Bible translators, like Morrison, Medhurst, Bridgman, Blodget, Burdon, and Scher- eschewsky, and the present Committees working on revised versions, are men to be grateful for, even if some of the earlier generation aimed at perspicuity and elegance of diction, rather than at rigid faithful- ness in translating the sometimes ambiguous, and to the Chinese, distasteful statements of the Scripture writers. Milne was the forerunner of authors like Burns, Martin, and Griffith John, who could so sink themselves in the Chinese environment and "get their stomachs so full " of choice and attractive forms of expression, that the Chinese read on in spite of themselves, after once tasting the f flavor " of their writings. Mateer, Sheffield, Hunter, and other mis- sionaries have rendered a hardly less important ser- vice in text-book preparation than those in govern- ment employ, like EdJdns, and Fryer ; while Paber and Legge have done invaluable work in making Chinese writings accessible to the Western reader. Tates, Allen, and Eichard are a few missionaries among many who have made the periodical literature of China an agency of illumination and regeneration. 2. The manufacture of books is an effort which mission presses have undertaken in spite of the fact that this meant competition with thousands of native presses, the entire outfit of almost any one of which might be packed in a hand-satchel. The experiment 124 DAWN OX THE HILLS OF of Pi, made nearly 900 years ago, has become effec- tive in the elegant movable tyj>e of to-day, and though the mission-press compositor may be bewil- dered at first as he stands, like a man in a mnserim, in the midst of the 6,000 and more compartments of his gigantic type-cases, he can far outstrip the block- cutter, both in speed of composition and beauty of type. Xative firms have adopted the idea of photo- engraving and reproduce at a low price volumes for- merly inaccessible, as well as pirate recent missionary productions, thus underselling the works of foreign presses. Though the production of mission presses is very large, yet this is but a foretaste of the demands to be laid upon them and upon authors in the awak- ening that is now beginning. 3. Practically every Protestant missionary and na- tive Christian worker in China aids in the distribu- tion of this literature. Inquirers are taught to read through books ; schools and training-classes cannot exist without them ; and they are the best and almost only agency through which to reach the gentry and officials of the Empire, from local Nicodemuses, to the occupant of the Dragon Throne. Missionaries and colporteurs sell books or judiciously loan or give them away in chapels and tea-shops, at fairs and near the gates of government examination-halls. Books are a legitimate excuse for the foreigner's presence in a hostile district, and the native Book-lending Socie- ties of the South gain an entrance for Christian truth by their means into country schools and the homes of grandees. Evangelistic Work. Highly as the missionary esteems efforts for the bodily and mental well-being of men, he never forgets that his primary object is to preach the gospel of an all-powerful Saviour, and a loving Father in heaven. This is the thread of scarlet that runs through the web of his royal weaving. 1. Perhaps the most profitable efforts on the China field are those in which the missionary labors with in- dividuals, as did Jesus at the Samaritan well. When THE MISSIONARIES AT WOPK 12$ masses are addressed, one cannot tell whether the strange message is understood ; but let one sit down and talk with a man, as to a brother, and not only are misunderstandings cleared away, but a personal relation of friendliness and respect is established. It is this private work that gives one an opportunity with men of the higher classes, and in general it is so profitable that Romanists confine themselves almost entirely to it, encouraging converts to bring such in- quirers to them. Timid women of the better classes can often be reached through visits at the missionary lady's home. It is a curious, new world to the visitor, and in a life with very few outings it forms the staple of conver- sation in her home for months after. Christian wom- en also grow much in their spiritual life through personal visits at the mission compound. Mothers' meetings are a more public form of the same beauti- ful and helpful service. Colored Scripture pictures are very useful in such a connection, and many have been placed in the homes of women otherwise inac- cessible to Christianity. 2. If most of the work thus far described resembles that done in missions at home, chapel preaching pre- sents some unique features. These buildings are usually rented shops, located on a frequented city street, and open to all comers. Though the place is a cheerless one, and provided with rude, backless seats and only doubtful means of warmth in the winter, a respectable audience, or even a crowd, soon gathers to gaze at the " foreign devil, yy or to hear singing which is so unorthodox, because not falsetto in char- acter. The singing over, and politeness having overcome their prejudices, they are now seated. In new dis- tricts it will hardly do to offer prayer, as this method of proceeding might be mistaken for a magic incanta- tion to entrap them, and so cause a stampede. Few can hope to hold an audience if a long passage of Scripture is read. Beginning immediately, there- 126 DAWy OX THE HILLS OF T'ANG fore, the missionary, by conversation or in simple ad- dress, attempts to bring before his auditors the great facts of God, sin, and salvation. Interruptions are numerous : peanut-venders may shout their wares ; old friends recognize each other across the room, and Btart an animated conversation ; an opium-smoker attempts to create a disturbance ; an intermittent procession of smokers circulate about the stove or in- cense-spiral to light their pipes ; a passing mandarin or a street brawl caDs out the entire audience to " be- hold the hot racket," etc., etc. But they soon return, and comers and goers keep the chapel supplied all day long. Preaching alternates with tea-drinking, con- versations with groups, reading, and the sale of books and Scriptures, aoid instruction of any inquirers present. So few have ever heard the gospel before, and so rarely come again, that this agency is useful in scattering broadcast an inkling of the truth, rather than in direct conversion. 3. Itineration requires some nerve and great pow- ers of adaptation. Journeying on foot, by wheelbar- row, cart, sedan-chair, or boat, a walled-city is visited, usually on a day when a fair is being held. Armed with books and Scriptures, the itinerant takes up his position on the side of the narrow, crowded street, and amid the bedlam of shouting sellers of all kinds of com modi ties he speaks his message as he is able. Very rarely is one stoned out of the city, and work can be continued till nightfall, if lungs and throat permit. The curious crowd tenders an evening re- ception at the inn, but this is compensated for at its close, when not infrequently an awakened searcher after Truth remains to continue till midnight, per- haps, s conversation that angels might rejoice to hear. In mUa^es this itineration is much less taxing and more fruitful. Seated beside the village well, or standing on the steps of the dingy temple, groups of fanners just in from the fields, and often women rarely appear in public in the cities gather THE MISSIONARIES AT WORK 127 round to look on and to hear the stranger's words. A talk-sermon, general friendliness, catechisms or tracts bought, and perhaps a few simple characters written on the hard earth of the highway or thresh- ing-floor to testify to the truth of the gospel, are the means used hy the Spirit to regenerate lives. Where such itineration is systematic, and progress can be made, as in the field of the American Presby- terians and English Baptists in Shan-tung, this work is exceedingly valuable. The German missionaries in Kuang-tung are also great believers in country work, as contrasted with the more unfavorable efforts made in Chinese cities. The late Dr. Nevius was the leading advocate of the fully developed village-circuit system, and it can be found described m his " Methods of Mission Work." In a word, his plan is to interest vil- lages through itineration, and as soon as inquirers ap- pear, make the ablest of them the leader of the group. These meet periodically for the study of a graduated series of lessons and for worship. These leaders are themselves instructed through station-classes at the missionaries 5 home. Eev. A. G. Joneses modification of this system is, however, more productive of per- manent desirable results, perhaps. The Native Church. This is the natural out- come of mission schools, Christian literature, and an oral proclamation of the gospel. Upon its purity and activity depends the future of Christianity in China. 1. A traveller visiting one of these churches would see little peculiar about them. To be sure it may be only a "church in the house " of some Chinese Aquila and Priscilla, but that is surely apostolic. Then if in a church building, the sexes may be sep- arated by a " middle wall of partition/* and creeping babies and unquiet dogs may be much in evidence. He would, note the hearty singing, albeit discordant, the' kneeling audience engaged in prayer, and would remark the exceedingly simple and scriptural form of the sermon, if he could understand it. At the con- clusion of the service he would see evidences of 128 SAWN OV THE HILLS OF apostolicitj in tlie mutual affection or regard shown ; and if lie followed inquirers to waiting-rooms and saw the kindliness exhibited and the desire to instruct them in Christian truth and life by the \%g or Pure dynafiy came from Manchuria, on the northeast, into China, and have remained its foreign rulers for more than two hundred and fifty years, since 1644. Under the nine Ch'ing emperors China has gradually emerged from her haughty seclusion of ages, and is perforce taking her place in the great family of nations. Some of the important events marking the reigns of this dynasty are the early educational work and the imperial surveys of the Catholic missionaries, the splendid literary monu- ments left by the famous Emperor, K'ang Hsi, the extension of power in the west and northwest, the wars with Kussia, England, and France, and with Mohammedan rebels, the pseudo-Christian T'ai P'ing rebellion, and the inroads in 1897-98 of Western Pow- ers, the ultimate issue of which cannot yet be surely predicted. The most marked characteristic of thin century's history, so far as the Kingdom of God is concerned, is the beginning and rapid spread of Protestant missions throughout the Eighteen Province! and Manchuria. APPENDIX Scheme for Studying Denominational Missionary "Work in China. As some denominational classes nave desired to study in connection with each Jesaoa the work of their denomination in China, the followiug outline for snch study is given. Informa- tion covering all or most of the points named can be secured from the denominational missionary hoard, or from the article on the board in the u Encyclopaedia of Missions." That these supplementary studies may he most helpful, it is suggested that they be prepared in writing and on paper of uniform size, that the several reports may be bound as a manuscript volume, to be kept as a permanent contribution to the institution's missionary library. Not more than ten minutes need be given at each class session to this supplementary work. The number of minutes following each division in the outlines below denotes the length of each paper, one hundred and fifty words being allowed per minute. If this scheme is followed out, the members of the class will have co-operatively prepared a manuscript supple- mentary volume equal to nearly two and a half chapters of the text-book. STTPFLEMENTJIBT STUDY I. BEGnraurGS. I. Causes leading to the board's entering China, 2 minutes. II. The first missionaries sent out, 3 minutes. 1. Their names and number. 2. Previous history and training. m. Date of establishment of first station, IV. Its location ; description of town, 2 minute*. V* View of situation on arrival derived from early letters or reports, 3 minute*. SDTFLKMBJfTJLKT STUDY IL OCCUPATION 1 OF THE FlELD. I. Province or provinces now occupied, 2 minutes. 1. Location on sketch map. 2. Items additional to the provincial descriptions in Appen- dix A of the text-book. IL Cities and villages containing stations or outstationi, 3 minifies. L Indicate these on sketch map, 3. Distinguishing characteristics of cities occupied. 162 APPENDIX C 163 III The people labored for, 3 minutes* 1. FopTilation accessible to missionaries. 2. Their language or dialects. 3 Friendliness or hostility to foreigners (avoiding Items mentioned in Study VI. below). IV. The workers. 1 , Number of men and women missionaries employed, 2. Number of male and female assistants* V. Other boards occupying same cities, 2 minutes. L Are relations between these boards helpful or preju- dicial to the work ? 2. If prejudicial, study the province to see Tfhat other centres can be properly occupied. SUPPLEMENT ABY STUDY HX PRESENT WOBKEBS. I. Boll of all present members, if fifteen or less, with brief characterization of each, 6 minutes. IL If more numerous, omit above and select four of the most prominent missionaries, not neglecting the women, and give a minute and a half account of each, reporting only strik- ing characteristics, 6 minutes. HI. If possible, give a two-minute sketch of most prominent native helper, and one of same length of prominent Bible wom- an, 4 minutes. SuppiJSMEirrABY STUDY IV. MEDICAL, EDUCATIONAL, AKD EVANGELISTIC WOEK. L Medical work of the board, 3 minutes. 1. Show on sketch map location of dispensaries, hospitals, or opium refuges. 2. Briefly describe most interesting and fruitful medical case. II. Educational work, 3 minutes. 1. Locate on sketch map the mission's schools. 2. Character and aim of schools of different grades. III. Evangelistic labors, 4 minutes. ' 1. Brief description of outside chapels. 2. Location of churches on map. 3. Describe briefly and graphically Chinese preaching. SUPPLEMHTTTABY STUDY V. WOHAN*S WOBK AND SPECIAL EFFORTS. I. Word-picture of home visitation, 2 minute*. IL Girls* schools, 2 minutes. 1. Description. 2. Value to the mission, 164 APPENDIX C IEI. Work of Bible women, 2 minvtc*. 1. What they do. 2. Why their services are essential for efficiency. TV. Station classes for women, 2 minutes. 1. Studies pursued. 2. Interesting case from such classes. Y. Other lines of work carried on by mission, 1. Work named and located on map. 2. AJTQ of each of these departments of service. STTTDT VL OBSTACLES EKCOUKTXXXIX I. Obstacles in the missionaries* private life, 3 minutes. 1. Difficulty of language study. 3. Lack of harmony or helpfulness among missionaries. II. Obstacles arising from un-Christian foreigners, Smtni&s. L, Example of sailors and travellers. 2. Life of un-Christian foreign residents. S. Difficulties due to attitude of Western Powers. III. Obstacles arising from heathen environment, 4 wfavtts. 1. Missionaries tempted by exasperating experience* with natives. 2. Harmful effect of heathenism upon missionary's spir- ituality. 3. Open and subtle temptations besetting native Christians. 4. Opposition and persecution coming to native Christians and churches. STCT>T VEL BESULTS OP THE BOARD'S WOBK I Statistical results, 1 minute. TJ. Character transformations, 4 minutes. 1. Case of male convert most remarkable in this respect. & Case of most conspicuous transformation of a woman, HL Effect of the work upon the community, 5 min-uUt. L Material improvement effected. 2. Social changes becoming apparent. 3. Effects of board's educational work. 4. Influence of native churches on the community. SITTDT VJIL WHAT CAW THIS CLAM Do TO AH> THE WOBK? L Pray for the work, 4 mtnvtts* 1. Present important data to stimulate prayer. 2. Enter definite objects upon prayer list or cyclt. APPENDIX C 165 II Give to its support, 2 minifies. 1 Describe special work recommended by the board for class support. 2. Formulate plan for systematic giving to the board. III. Champion the interests of China, 2 minutes. 1. In churches attended by students at college. 2. In home church 3. In addressing other churches and young peoples' so- cieties IV. Reasons for personal devotion to toe card's work in China, 2 minutes* ANALYTICAL INDEX Bvnszs Indicating the location of important topics, this Index is also intended for use in preparing the various studies. Having read over its analytical outline beiore caking np each chapter, tne student sees exactly what ground is covered by the section to be mastered. So, too, after hav- ing studied the chapter, its outline can again be need in lieu of questions pn* by a teacher, thus enabling the student to see what topics hare been forgooen The numerals following each topic and sub-topic refer to the pages where they mar be found. CHAPTER I L Scope o the text-book. L IL Names applied to China, 1-S 1. Early Occidental names, 1, 3. (1) Names given it by land-route travellers, 5L <8) Names derived from the Southern route, S. S, sicrrriflf*ftffim^ of native "namfmt for China* 4, 3. TTT^ China's place m AJ^ 3 IV* Amis with some comparisons, 3, 4. 1. Area of Empire, with equivalents, 3, 4. S. Area of China Proper and American equivalent as to posttk,4, V* Striking physical features, 4-9. 1. China f s waterways, 0, 6. (1) The Huang Ho, 5. (3) Tbe Yang-tri, 5, 6. 5L Chinese lakes, 6. 8. Mountain ranges, 6. 4. The Great Plain, 6, 7. a) Location and size, , 7. (S) Its populoomeae, t. 5. Loess formation of China, 7, 8. O) Description, 7, 8 (8) Two drawbacks, 8, 6. CMoese scenery, 8, 9. (1) General characterization, 8. (2) Nearer Tiew, 8, H YL Climatic conditions, 9, 10. 1 Temperature and Isothermal Ttn**, 9. 3. BamfaB and Northern winters, d, _ S. Diseases as related to foreigners, ft, 3IX VIL "Wealth of the Empire, 10, IL 1. Agricultural resources, 10, S. Aquatic wealth, 10. 8. "Mineral productions, 10. 4. Abundant supply of superior laborers, XL Chinese view of the world, 11-14. L fYevaleiit Imorance concernmg their own com*rr -11. 2. The esda-a-Ctrmese world, 11, li (1) Chinese maps, U 12. (ft) Common ideas about foreign tends* IS* 167 I6S ANALYTICAL INDEX &. Foreigners at close range, IS, 13. (1) Foreign sou, 12 v S > Merchants and diplomats, IS, IS (3) Mis- sionaries, 13, 4. Tbese preiudices decreasuig. 14, CHAPTER IT' CKDU'S ESHKEITASCB PBOK t rme pjtay L Character of Chinese historical records, IS, 16 I. Credibility of Chinese history, 15. S. Sources from -which it ia derived, IS, 16 (1) Bamboo books, 15. (2) Classics, 15. (3) Local nTinalfl. 15. (4) Dynastic histories, 16. S. Literary character of these writings, 16. JL China's prehistoric dawn, 16-19. 1. The mythological ages, 16, 17. (1) Deration, 16. (2) Cosmogony, IT. (3) Fire early rulers, IT. i. The legendary period, IT, 18 (1) Duration. 17. (2) Chinese views of this period, IT. (S) Why Confucius Truute such large use of its history, IS. 8. Besiduum of fact underlying these two periods, 18, 19. (1) Civilization possessed, IS. (2) Origin of the Chinese, 18. (3) Origin of men culture, 18, 19. JH. Key characters m Chmese history, 19-23. 1. Some prominent rulers, 19, 20. S. Philosophers and literary men, SO, 21. 8. Dlustrfous women of China, 21-23. (1) Beasons for renown, 21, 22 (2; Examples, S3, 83. IV. Present-day survivals of China's past, 23-ST. 1- SurnTals in material form, 23, 24. (1) Great Wall, S3 <2) Grand Canal, 23, 24. (3) Boads and bridges, S4. (4) Other minor survivals, 24. t. Institutions and inventions of early times, 24-26. (1) Government, 2S. (2) Many arts and trades, 25. (8) Compass, gunpowder, and printing, 25, S6. (4) Sflt and porcelain manufactures, 26. S. Literary treasures, 26, 27. (1) Language and literature, 26, 2T (2) Educational system, ST. V. Some secrets of Chum's protracted existence, 27-3 L 1. Protection from external foes, 27, 28. a) Physical barriers, 27, 28 (2) Isolating language, S8, (3) Masses to be overcome, 28. 2. National characteristics tending to perpetuity, 38. 5. TjnfcrTtri resources satisfactory, 38, 29. 4. ScfeeuardB against internal conflict and decay, 29, 30. (1) Duty of warrantable rebellion, 29 (2) Peaceful rewards for ambition, 39. (3) National characteristics hostile to decav. 39, 30. " 6. Government and laws favorable, 30. 6. God's purpose in China's long existence. 30^ 81* VL The dawn of a new era. 3LL CHAPTEE TIT Numbers and distribution, 32, 33. Statirtics, 82. (2) Beasons for defective centos, Si, tt. populated regions, 28. ANALYTICAL INDEX U. Characteristics of the Chinese, 33-39. 1 Physical characteristics, 33-35. vl) Tibetans, 33, U (2) Mongols, 34. (3) MlflO-tzfi, 81 (4) Manchus, 34. (5) Chinese, 35. 2. Emotional characters, 35, 36 3 Intellectual qualities and products, 36-39 JH Sociological environment of the Chinese, 39-45. 1 Home and clan life, 39-42. (1) Oriental differentiae, 39, 40 (2) Yfflages and tb**r daily routine, 40. (3) Food as affected by poverty. 41. (4) Sumptuary laws ; clothing, 41 (5) Birth, marriage, death, 43, 42. 2. Cities and their life, 48-44. a) Sights and sounds, 42, 43 (2} City interiors, 43 (3) Social parasites, 43 (4t Unfortunates and defectives, 43, 44. 8. Government and laws, 44, 45. (1) Makers of law, 44, 45 (2) Its administration, 45. IV. Industrial life of the Empire, 45-47. 1. Gradations in society, 45, 46. 2. Industries and wages, 46, 47. 8 Trade organizations, 47 V. Amusements and festivals, 47-49. 1. Amusements and sports, 47, 48, 2 Festivals, 48, 49 VL The Chinese as painted by thenuselYW, 40-51. 1 Children in proverbs, 49. 2. Looking out into life, 49, 50. 3 Marriage and family life, 50, 4 Moral maxims, 50, 51. CEAPTEE IV BEXJdOXS OF THX CHQTKOI L Nature-vforshlp, 52-57. 1. Fetiche* 52 1. Totem worship, 52-54. 8. A-rritni worship, 54. 4, Worship of ancestors, 54-58 (1) Its central position, 54, 55. (1) It* bads, 55. (3") Its benefits, 55,56. (4}IteeT{Is,56, 6. Worship of deified heroes, 56 6. Worship of Shane Ti, 56, 67. n. Taoism and its founder, 57-60. 1. Its founder, Lao-tzfi, 67. 2. Its Scripture and its teachings, 57, 68. 3. Later Taoist leaders, 58, 59. 4. Its awful degradation, 59 5. The Taoism of to-day, 59, 60. HI. Confucius and Confucianism, 60-67. 1. Items from his life, 60-62 2. Character of Confticms, 62, 63, 3. Confucian literature, 63-65. (1) The Four Books, 63, 64. (2) The Fire Clusicft, 64, 69. 4. Confucian teachings, 65, 66. (1) Their general character, 65. ft) The Fire Relations, Jive Constants, and the Chtto-tzn Jdn, 65, 66. (3) I Confucian- ism wholly atheistic ? 66. 6. Modern Confucianism, 66, 67. 6. The worship of Confucianism, 67. IT*. Buddhism, or the sect of Fo, CT-Tl 1. Introduction into China, 67, 68. ft. 9prtd of 'Buddhism, 68* 170 ANALYTICAL ItfDEX J. Popular Buddhistic doctrines, 6S-TL (1) General character, 68, 'S> Belief concerning 1 Buddha, 68 (8) His laws, 68, 69 14} Metempsychosis, 69. ft) Heaven, 69, 70. (6} Hells, TO (7j Salvation, TO, 71. 4. The Buddhist priesthood, 71. 6. Their temples and pagodas, 71. 6. The worship, 71, 72. 7, Buddhist deitaes, 72, 73 V, Chinese Geomancy, 73, 74. 1. Its original and later objects of care, 78. 1 The real power behind it, 73. t. Principles of Geomancy, TS, 74, 4. Evidences of the power of this system, 74, CHAPTER V rB*PjLRA.TION A2CD 1. Anddt moral and religions conditions, 75. a) Confucianism, 75. (8) TaoMm, 76. (3) Buddhinn, 75, IL The secret sects, 76, 77. 1. Seasons for their helpfulneas, 76. 8. Doctrines of various sects, 76, 7T a. Character of sect members as converts, 77. HL The Jews in China, 77-79. 1 Names, 77. S. Facts m their history, 78. 3. Present number and condition, 78, 79. IV. Chinese Mohammedanism, 79-81, L Entrance mto China, in North and South* 79, 80t S. Its increase and reasons therefor, 80. 8. Present staims and practices, 80, SL 4. Donhtfnl valne to Chriitianity, 8L V. Nestonan ChriBtianity, 81-84. 1. Entrance mto the Empire, 8L 5. Neetorian Monument and its testimony, SI, 83. 3. Doctriaes tanght, 82, 88. 4 TAter history of Nestorianism, 8E. 6. Nestonaniam''8 Talne to the modern missionary, 83, 84. VL Cathohciam T B first stadinm in China, 84-86. L First great Catholic missionary there, 84, 85. 2 Labors of his successors, 85. ^^ S. Catholicism's lost opportunity, 85, 86. "VII The second Catholic entrance, 86-93. L Bicci, Catholicism's most famous Chinese miseionary, 86-89. (1) Early efforts, 86, 87. (8) Life in Peking, 87. (S) His literary labors, 87, 88 (4) Decision of certain questions, 88. (5) His character, 88, 89. S. Later Catholic leaders and rivalries, 89. 5. Period of eclipee, 89. 4. History once 1SSS, 90. 5 Catholic methods, 90, 91. (1) Adaptreness, 90. (S) Practfcal charities, 90. (B) Natir* con- verts and then-use by the Church, 90, 91. (4) Defects of con- verts and missionaries, 91 6. GathoBclBm's relation to Protestantism, 91, 92. T. Strength of Chinese Catholicism, 98, 93 0) Mane's testimony, 93. (2) Dr. MedlrnitfB, 9S, 93. (3) XMtoW- bution and numbers, 93. VUL nieC^eekCnurch in 011118,98, 94, ANALYTICAL INDEX 17* CHAPTER VI THX rBOTEST-iOT OCCUPATICW OT CBDCA L Morrison, Protestantism's pioneer, 95-97. 1. Early years and preparation, 95, 96. 2 Life and services in China, 96, 97 IL War and Chinese missions, 97-102. 1 The Opium War, 97, 98. (1) Occasion, 97 (2) Character, 9T, 98. (3) Beautts, 90. 2. The T ai P'mg Rebellion, 98, 99 (1) Its leader and its course, 98, 99 (2) Its significance, 9H 8. The Arrow War, 100, 10L (1) Onrfn and results, 100. (2) The French Treaty, 100, .. (8) Obstacles, 101 4 Other wars, actual and threatened 101,102. (1) Tientsin massacre, 101 (2) Margary's murder, JJ9 3) French -war, 102 (4) Kiots, 102 HI. Stages of missionary progress, 102-110. - ^ paratory stage, 1SOT-1842, 102, 103. v> reparatory efforts, 102, 103. (Z) Work outside Chiiia -*ro &r t 103. <3) Results, 103 2, Tears of entrance, 184S-1860, 103-10T. (1) Keld of labor, 103 & Nature of work, 103, 106 (3) Con- verts, 106 (4) Missionaries, 106 (5) Kesralts, 106, 107. 3 Development and wider entrance, 1860-18TT, 107. (1) Advances noted, 107 (2) Statistical results, 107. 4. Between the Conferences of 1877 and 1890, 108. (I) Key-words of the period, 108 (2> Famine and self-support 108 (3) Statistics of 1890, 108, 109 5. The eight years since 1S90. 109, 110 (1) Eesults of the Conference, 109. (2) Other events, 109, 110. IV. Missionary geography, 110-112 1. How far the provinces have been entered, 110, 111. 2. Character of places occupied, 111. 3 Density of population and missionary distribution, TU ^ift. 4. Territory sml unoccupied. 112. V. Some China missionary statistics, 112, 113. 1. Number and nationality of organizations there, 113. 2. Missionary force (1) National totals, 112, 113. (2) Analysis of net total, llfl; 3. Stations and the work done In them, 113. VL Additional agencies, 113-115. L Tract societies. 114 (1) Names and aims, 114 (S) The 8. D. C. G. K, 114. (8} Book* lending societies, 114. i. Marion presses and their work. 114, 115. yip THE 3Q88IO3UJBX14 IX The human agen t in missions* 116, UT. L Language preparation, 116. S. General usefulness in early Tnntrfha, 116, U7. 8. Heart preparation for usefulness, 117. 4. Study of the people, 117 Effort* for China's physical alleviation, 117-119, 1. Medical work, 117, 118. (1) Immediate usefulness, 117. (2) Dispensaries and ho*pit*l, 117, 118. (3) Women physicians, 118, 17* ANALYTICAL IXDEX 9 Famine relief and it* consequences, 118. 8 Missionary agftafcon of refrains, 118. 11) Opium cnrse, 118 (2) Foot-binding, 118. 4. Def ecfcves and foundlings, IIS, US. ffL Educational work. 119-123. 1. Day-schools, 119, 120 ( 1) Pupils and instruction, 119. (S) Sapport, 119, 120. 3. Boarding-schools, 120 T Tbeir advantages. 120 (S) Studies pursued, 130 8. Mission colleges, 320, 121. (r Scope and character, 120, 121. (2) "Rngflffr study, 1SL (3) Criticism of colleges, 121. 4. Industrial education and ita value 132, 5 Education for Christian service, 122. (1) Station-classes, 122 (S) Theological schools, 122. TV. ""jiterctnre in Chinese Missions, 153, 124. 1 Preparation of literature, 123. 2 Manufacture of books, 123. 124 3. Distribution of Christian books, 124. V. Eragelistic work, 124-127. 1. Individual work : higher classes ; women, 124, 126. 2. Chapel preaching. 125, 126 (1) Chapel* and audience, 126 (S) Services and results, 145, 126. 3. Evangelistic itineration, 126, 127. (iTVisitaticm of cities, 135. (2) Vffiage itineration, 126, 127. (3) Systematic attempts, 137. VL The native Chorch, 137-131, I. Chnrches and services described, 13T, 138. 3, Chinese Snnday-schools, 128. 5. Yonng people's societies and T. M. C. A,, 138. 4, Disciplliie and its canses, 128, 129, 6. Problem of self-snpport, 129, 130, (1) Obstacles in Chfea, 129 (2) Evils of the old policy, 139, ISO. 6. Sett-propagation of the Church, 130 7. Question of denominationahszn, 130, 131. VIL Occasional efforts, 131. 132. 1. Value of conventions and conferences, 131. 5, Efforts for the literati, 131, 132 (1) Lectnres, 133 (2) Mnsenms, 133, (3) Literature, 1S2, VUL The needs of missionanes, converts, and the masses, 132, 138. CHAPTER yrrr ffigns of dawn, 134-138. 1. Th awakening not temporary, 134. 2. China's open doors, 134, 136 3. Entrance of the crater world's life and work. 135. 4 Hn-nan's awakening a signal proof of dawn, 135, 136. 5. Signs of an intellectual awakening, 136-138 (1J Changes in government examinations, 136 t 1ST. (2) Non-cov- ernmentafagitation for better Inatraction, 137, 138 . The social awakening, 138. a) Beform societies, 138 (3) AntKFoot-binding societies, 138. 7. The religions awakening, 138. Ooacnrmg donds, 138-143, L Hostility due to enforced awakening, 139. ft. Irritation caused by diplomatic protection of converts, 139. t. Opposition of literati and officials. 139, 140. he new learning feared, 139, 140. (2) Hostility to Western ide* of integrity, 140. ANALYTICAL INDEX 173 4. Obstacles arising from evils peculiar to China, 140, 14L (1) Opium and its evils, 140, 141. ( 2) Ancestral worship, 141. 5 Enmity due to manifold forms of sin, 141, 142. 6. Opposition of Komamsm, 142. T Apathy of the Church of God, 143, 148. HI. Rival forces striving for China, 143-146. L Materialism, 143, 144. (1) Old tendencies, 143, 144 (2) New temptations, 144. 2. European domination, 144;, 145 Methods of the Powers, 144 (8) Disadvantages arising there- from, 144, 145. 3. Confucianism a possible rival, 145. 4. Chnst the ultimate victor, 146. (1) Greatness of the prize, 146. (2) Protestantism's du*r, 1*4 IV. The morning summons, 146-161 1. The call of the multitudes, 146-148. (1) China's comparative populousness, 146, 147. (2) These multi- tudes suffering and dymg, 147, 148. (3) Their emergency & pressing one, 148 2. What china calls the missionary to, 148-150. (1) A call to heroism, 148, 149 (2) A can to versatility, 149. (3) A call to privilege, 149, 150. (4j A call to consecration, 150. 3. The One who utters these calls, 150, 151. (1) His a call of love, 150, 151. (2) The opportunity for & satisfy- ing investment of life, 151* MAP USTDEX By means of this index all names of cities and towns can be readily found on the map. For hints as to pronunciation see key on page xvui. Note the following directions : The letters following the names indicate the rank of the place. Thus C. means provincial capital ; F. means a f u city ; T., a ting city ; c., a chou city ; h , a hsien city ; and m. a market-town or village, or one whose rank could not be ascertained. Places in Italics are not occnpied as missionary stations. The question mark ( ?) following some of the places indicates that either their Bomanization or rank is unknown to the compiler. Numerals following the names of places indicate the board or boards having resident missionaries there. The numerals are the same as those prefixed to the alphabetical list of missionary societies given below. The capital letter and numeral following each name at the ex- treme right of the column indicate the square on the map where the place is located. The capital letters may be found midway between the meridians of longitude at the top and bottom mar- gins of the map ; the numerals are midway between the parallels of latitude at the right and left hand margins of the map. In some cases mission stations could not be located on the map, and hence the name of the province in which they are has been placed in the right-hand margin of the column. Provinces are printed in capital letters, thus, SHAN-TUNG, and the numerals following their names show what missionary so- cieties labor in them. I. AMERICAN SOCIETIES (CANADA AHX> THE UNITEI> STATES). 1. American Baptist Missionary Union, 2. American Bible Society. 3. American Board of Commissioners for foreign Missions. 4. American Friends* Board of Foreign Missions. 5. Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church [South]. 6. Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States [South]. 7. Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America [North]. MAP ZND&X 8. Board of foreign Missions of the Reformed Church, in America. 9. Board of Missions of the Reformed Presbyterian [Coven- anter] Church. 10. Christian and Missionary Alliance. 11. Cumberland Presbyterian Board of Missions. 12. Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society in the Protes- tant Episcopal Church in the United States. 13. Foreign Christian Missionary Society. 14:. Foreign Missionary Society of the Seventh-Day Bap- tists. 15. Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Conven- tion. 16. Foreign Mission Committee of the Presbyterian Church in Canada. 17. Gospel Baptist Mission. 18. Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church [North] 19. Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Canada, SO. Student Christian Movement in Mission Lands. 21. Swedish American Mission, Covenant of America. 22. United Brethren in Christ 23. Woman'i Union Missionary Society. n. BBITUSH SOCIETIES (GREAT BRITAIN JOTD 34. Baptist Sessionary Society. 25. Bible Christian Home and Foreign Mission Society. 26. British and Foreign Bible Society. 27. Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East* 28. Church of England Zenana Missionary Society. 29. Church of Scotland Committee for the Propagation of th* Gospel in Foreign Parts. 30. Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church of Eng- land. 31. Friends' Foreign Mission Association. 32 London Missionary Society. 33. Methodist New Connection Missionary Society. 34. National Bible Society of Scotland. 35. Presbyterian Church of Ireland Foreign Mission. 36. Society for Promoting Female Education in the East. 37. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. 38. United Methodist Free Churches Foreign Mission. 39. United Presbyterian Church of Scotland Foreign Mi- non. 40. Weley*n Methodist Mission Society. MAP INDEX 177 HI. CONTDTENTJLL SOCIETHS*. 41. Berlin Evangelical Missionary Society. 42. Berlin Woman's Society for China. 43. Congregational Church of Sweden. **. Danish Mission Society. 45. Evangelical Missionary Society, Basel. 46 General Evangelical Protestant Missionary Association. ^i, German China Alliance Mission. 4. Norwegian Lutheran China Mission Association. *9. xthenish Missionary Society. 50. Swedish Mission in China. TV. INTEEKATIOHAL SOCIETIES. &1. China Inland Mission. ok. jkission to the Chinese Blind. 53. Society for the Diffusion of Christian and General Knowl- edge among the Chinese. AmoyT.(port)8,SO,SS,S4 ........ B5 Ana. 87 ......................... J* 8 An-ch 4 ing Fn C 15,51 ........ BS AH-HUiTlO, 1*. 13. 18, 81, 61 51 An-ehmiF.51 .................... C4 An-tnngh 51 ................. K 8 Canton Fu C. (port) 3, 7, 15, 23, 37, 33, 40,41 ................... 5 Chai-chla 51 .................. FS Chanhuah 33 ................ BS Chang-chou F. 8, S3 .............. E6 Chang-ch.'mi m 35 .............. Ql Chang-pa m. (?) ST ................ C3 Chang-p'uIi.aO ................... E5 Chang-sJiaFb C .................. I>* Ch'ang-flhan h. 51 ........... .. B4 Chang-aim m. 51 ............... B4 Chang-t6F. 16 ................ gS Ch'ang-t6 F. 10, 11 ............ D 4 Chang~wn h. 51 ................. .OS Chang-yehh 10 .................. BS Chao-chla K'OTI m, 26, 51 ........ ES Ch'ao-chon F. 1, 30 ............ E* Chao-t'nngF 85,51 .......... B4 Chao-yang h. 32 ,..-- , ....... F 1 Cirt-OTLuk 1, 5, 6, 7, IT, 38, 4S, 4T, O. Chefoo (Chih-fa) (port), T. 37, 51. . .F i Cfrtn-anF ............. C5 CliSn-cMang F. (port), 6, 15, 18, 84, 51 ................ .......... B3 Ch'finchoTiF 51 ................. B3 Ch'6ng-knh 51 ................. C CVin#-tt (72-Ao) F ...... . ....... El Cheng-ting F ................. Bl Ch'6ng-tn Fn C 18, 1, 51 ........ BI ChSng-yanff Kuan T 61 ........ B* Chn-yuann. (Kannra) 5L ......... C8 Ch^n-yuanF (Knd-chou) ........ C4 Chic. 51 .. .................... BS Cktac ........... . ........... B* Chia-hnngF. 6 .......... . ......... F8 Chi-anF 51 ................. .... B4 duangc si ............... Shm-nai CHIXHG-HSI, 18,96, 51. CHiAsa-su* S, 4, 6, , 7, IS, 18, 14, 15, 18. 80, 23, -SC, 87, 38, 84, 46, 61, 53 Chiang^finh 6 ......... ...... ...F3 Chia-^mgF. 1 ,1, 51 ............. B4 Chia-yliigc.1.45 ............. .....B5 Chtehc (?),50, 51 ............. D3 Chleh-hsiii, 51 ............... Shan-hai Chlenc.51 ................... C8 .............. ChienningF 37.28 ............ B4 Chien-p*ing h, 51 ................. B8 ITS 11 'AP IXDEX CMen-t6h.51 3 Ch ien-ymug IL 61 C3 Chlh-choO 1 . 51 ES CHm-Lt, 2, 3, 7, 10, IS, 80,26,32,33, 34, 37, 51, a Chine. 36..... PI Ch'inc. 5L C3 Chlng-chiang h. (port), 14,51 E3 Chin g-tzfi Euan, 61 1)3 CA'ifW-yfian. F C5 Chi-nanFnC.7. JE2 CAitt^ c. fl3tt-nan) .....04 Chrngc. (Kan-sn) 51 02 Clrtng-chonF 24 E2 Ching-ning c. 51 C2 Ching-Bhan h 32 B 3 Ch'ing-yang h 10 ES Chine-yuan m. (?)42 Ch-chiang Chin-hnaF 1,51 F4 Chi-nmgc. 7 E2 Ch'm-eaoti Chiang m. 48. . . D3 Chin-cMang F. (port), 1& 26, 5L...E 4 Ch'iu-fu h ES Chitmg-chOTi F 7 ...B6 Cbott-chih h 51 C3 Chou-plng h. 24. E2 Choti-fanfr-ftO, 41 B5 Ch'nc 13 ES ChZc E2 Ch^kSl Seft-ch'nan Chuana-lang T. B2 ChTi-chlh 37 F4 D3 4T E4 f B4 Chnng-chtng F. (port), 2 t 18, 31, 32, 34,51 04 Ch*tL-wan, 16 Ho-nan Ch'flan chou F. 30. E6 Cb'fl-ching F 51 B4 Ch'a-chou F 51 E4 Ch'fl-wnh 51 D2 Cbeng-bau ('j, 28. E4 Dang-seng (?), 28. E4 Ffen-chftng m 21 D3 F6a-chouF 3, D2 Feug-chen T. 10 Bl Feng-lWiang F. 61 C3 FSng-hua h. 51 F4 F^ng-kang m. 61 E4 Fo-kaiig T D6 Fo-ehanT.40 1)6 Fu c OS Ftr-CHtEN, 3, 8, 18, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36 Fa-chinch 18,27 E4 Fa-chonFnC (port), 3, 18, 27, 28, Fak-wing (?)," *.**..!.".*.*.'.'.."." .".".B 6 Fn-mfin m. (?}, 49 B5 Fn-mtn-fu m. 86 Shfeng-ching Fa-ntog F. 27 3?4 Fn-tsnt-phai (?>, 45 D6 Fn-yin Ts1ui,24 Shen-hai Saic E3 Hai-ch'Sngh 3 Fl Han-ch'teg h, 50, EL B2 Han-chungF 26,61 C3 Han-ch'nan h. 40 D3 Hane-chon Fa C. (port), 6, 7, 27. . F 3 Han-k'OQ h (pon), 12, 32, 34, 40, 51 DS Han-flhanh.10 E3 Han-yangF 1,40 B3 Heng-chouF 1)4 Hoc. 51 B2 Ho-chienF E2 Ho-ch^h. c 05 Ho-chmgh-51 B2 Bo-k'oum.51 E4 Hok-su-ha (?) 45 E5 Ho-hn-koh-n T. (?) 10 Bl HO-HAK, 16, 26, 61 He-nanF B8 Hongkong, 3, 26, 27, 32, 36, 43, 45 B 5 , Ho-su-wan (.?) 45 B5 Hsic 51 B2 Hsiah 50 B2 Hsi-anFuC 24.26,51 03 Hsiang-ch'fing h, 51 B3 Haiso-chang m. (?) 32 E2 Hs:ao-ih 51 B2 Hsiao-kanh 32 B3 HBiao-mei m. 47 E4 1 Hpen-ynh 28 E4 Hai-feng Chen m 51 C2 Hsi-hsiang h. 51 03 'Hsmc 24 B2 Hsm-ch 4 ang h 51 F 4 1 Hsm-chen, 16 Ho-nan I Hsin-ch'Sn? (') 6 F3 i Hang-an, 61 ... .Shen-hsi i Hsing-hna F. 18, 27, 28 E 4 Hsing-iF 51 C4 Hsuig-p'mg h. 51 C2 Hsin^huan B4 Hsin-hsniffh 15 B5 Hsi-ningF 51 B2 Hsin-tien-tzu m 51 C3 HBm-tnh.27 B3 Hsi-yans: (?) 28 E4 Hsiian-hna F. 10 Bl Hsfl-ch'ien h. 6 E3 Hati-chon F. (Chiang-su), 6 ... E 3 Hsfl-chon F. (Ssu-ch'nan.), 1, 61 ..B 4 Hnai-anF. 6 E3 Hucn-ching F B2 Hnai-lnh.51 B2 Hnangh.15 F2 Enang-yenli. 1 F4 Hn-chonF 1 F3 Hui-chouF. 51 E4 Bm-h o B4 , 10, 11. h, 61 DS HAP INDEX 179 Enn-Yftan, Cl Shan-hai L-ling'lu33 E* Htt-Ptt k 1, 10, IS, 11 , S3, 34, 40, Lfi-t'ingfc. 33 ES 43,48,51. , Lie. (Hu-nan) D4 Hu-wd, 41 DSiJDtA (Kan-su) CS Liang-ebon F. 51 BS ** Jao-chonm 51 Chiang-hsi Lm-chiang F. 51 ... E4 Jgn-ts'nnm 3 B2 Hn^fogc 8 *. .""* E* Ju-ning F B3 > Una cTT. CS - - .FS C4 B4 B5 K*ai-yftan h. 39 Fl Lin-anc 51 E8 Kalgan (Chang-chia K'on) T, 3, 10 B 1 Liu-efiouF C5 JTan-cAow F B2 Long-hen (?), 45 B5 Kang-honm (?)7 B5 Lo-flngc.lO B5 ^^ . B5 Lo-ytanh 37,28..... F4 , Ln.c. 51 C4 B5 Ln-an F 51 BS Kao-ync.51 ................. E 3 i Ln-ch'8ne h 51 BS Khi-tshung (?), 45 B5 ( Ln-chonF. 13 ES Kang-pni <') 49 KAK-SU, 10, 51. JSTtooc F2 . Long c. 51 .................... CS Lung-chov. T (port) C5 Limg-cliSlan h. 4T. E4 KMnC 35 Gl JPo-lanc B2 Knanh.51 B3 JEuangc E 3 ! Macao (port), 10 B5 Knang-chi, 40 En-pei Meih 51 C3 Knang-f fing h 51 E 4 ! Mtng-ti& h. (port) B5 K.TIANS-HSI, 10, 15, 26, 40, j M6n-k l on-liaiig m. 1 E 5 - ~ "-'Mienc.87 BS Mien-chnh. 37 BS Mine. 10 BS Mln-chlng h. 18 E4 Mv-yunh El Moi-lim (?), 45 E5 Mo-ti-chiehm.51 BS MnfcdenC 35,35,39 ..Fl Nan-an F . . . B4 Nan-ch'ang Fn C 51 E4 . , Kuaang-nan F C5 Knang-nlng h- 35 Fl Knang-tfi c. 51 E3 Knang-yftan h." , 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15, 23, 26, 37, 30, 33, 36, 40, 41, 43, 45, 49. ' " ' 7), 40. En-pd ,.CS _ B3 Knei-cnl h. 51 ............ .i....!E 4 ROII-CHOU, 5L JTt-cAou F B3 Knei-hnaT-10 Bl Sttn-hn Fu C B4 Knei- .. h. 10 c (En-nan) C5 E3 B4 Kued-yang Fa C. (Kim-chon) r 61 C 4 Kung-eK-UM F. .............. B3 Kn-tien (Km-cheng) h. 18, 87, 28 ..E 4 JCtt-yium c ....................... CS Lai-anh,51 . 5L. ES E,3 F4 BS .. . Lu-t'zen h. 51. ................. CS - - - Lao-ho K'on m. 48, 5L. < B5 Nan-k'aneF. 51 E4 Nanking Fn C. (port), 4, 7, B. 18 ES Nan-mug F C5 Nan-nsiung c 41 ...B4 Nan-lingh 10 ES Nan-wall 27 B4 Fan-yangF BS Ning-haih, 51 (ChS-duang) F4 Ning-hai c- 1), 1, 7, 37, 33, 51 F4 F4 Ning-tuc - B4 Ning-inu F BS " l&anF B4 {vang A, (port) Pi i8o MAP INDEX Nodoam.(')7 .................. 06 Nj*n-nang-U(7),45 ........ E5 Pae 51 ....................... C3 Pagoda Anchorage (Lohalng-t'a) m.3 ................... E4 P t ang-ctraaiLg m. 3 ............. ES P*ang-haim 51 ................ 04 Poo-tic .................... B3 Pao-an c, (Clnh-k) ............ Bl Pao-anA.(Shen-hi) ............. OS Pa*-ch*ingF .................. B4 Pao-ningF 51 ............ C3 P*o-n-hoh-ahao (?) 10 ........ Shan-bai Pio-ahanh 5 ............. F3 F*o-t'eo (?) 10 ........ Shan-hrf Pao-tingFaC 3,7,51 ............ E Pa>ranffm ..................... A 4 P*c ................... E3 Pei-hai(Pakhof)(port ? *r ...... 05 Peking (imperial Capital). 2, 3, 7, 10,18,90,33,34,37,6!* ........... El Phyang thong (?). 45 .......... B5 Pih-k'Sx-tel (?) 10 .......... Sian-hjd Pi-foam, 44 ................. FS Pinc.51 ..................... 02 P^ng-Uf ................. B5 P*ing-liang F. 51 ............. 03 Ptag-lo(?)10 .............. Ksn-ftt Pfng-nanh S7 .............. B4 P^ng-tnc 15 ............ B8 Pfng-yang h. 51 (Ch6-chiang) ..... F 4 P*fng-Tang F- (Shan-hBi), 51 ....... D 3 P*ing-yaol 51 ............... Di Pine-ytl (?) 8T ............ Shtn-trmg P*o-lain m. 51 .................... E4 Po-lo h. 3S ....... . ..... .. .. 1)5 Port Arthur, 44 .................... Fi ....... . ........... C4 B5 Shfl^ch'ttan ix. ST. ................ B8 Shih^nanf. .................. C* Shim-ch'iiig F. 51 ............ C Shunming F .... ................. B6 Shon-t6F.51 .................... B* T ............... C 1, 8, 18, 1, 27, 81, 34,34, Sntenf ................. 05 ' S*&-mao T. Cport) ................. B5 St~nan f .................... 04 Sn-chouF. (port) (Chiang-iii), 5, 8, 1 Surchou F. (KJLQ-BU). ........... AS 5uf.fi c ......................... D* Sui-ting F. ........ . ............. O4 Snng-chiang F. 5..................F3 Smig-p'anT. 5L ................. B3 Snng-yang h. 47 ........... . ..... B4 Swatan (port), 1, 10. .............. B6 1 Ta-chfen-lu T. 51 ................ '..B3 Sth-la-tal ft), 10 ........ Shanhsi Stng-chia Chnang m. 51. ..... C 3 San-ihnilL51 ............. C San-yftankS4 .................. C3 8io-ke(?),8 ................... E5 8o-pingF.51 .................... Dl Rumg-ch'ing nx 51 .......... B4 Shanghai h. (portX S, 5, T, 18, 14, 15, 90,33,05,87.33,46,61,53 ....... F SHJLS-HSI, 3, 10, 24, SS, 50, 51. SHAH-TUNO, 3, 7, 15, 34, 33, 3T, 51. Shan-ysng (?) 88 ............... B4 SBiao-dianF 40 ............. D5 Shao-haiiigF. X8T.51. ........... FS Shao-wuF.S ................... B4 Sharri-ts'ing (?) 10 .............. Dl Stan (?) (port) ............ JDS hl Tten m. 51 ............... 1)3 03 ES Q, 96, 85, 39, 44. , S4,>88, 50, 5L 04 iT'ai-anF.St ................... BJ T'ai-chou F 2T.51 ............... F4 T'ai-hoh.5l ............... B3 T'ai-kangK51 .................. B3 T'ai-kufiu3 ................. BS T'cti-p'ing F .................... C5 T*ai-ts'ang c 5 ................ F3 T'ai-yfianFuC. HK .......... Bl !Ta-kum33 ................. BS i Ta-ku Shan h, 44. ................ F* , Ta-ku-t'angm.51.... ............. B4 Ta-UF.51* ...................... B4 , Ta-mingJP. ..................... Ei Tan c ............. . ............ C Ta-ningh.5L .................... B* Ta-h'ng F. .................... C4 Ta-tnngh.10 .................... Bt * Ta-t'ung F. 51 ................ Bl 3 "Wn chlng-fu icu 30 ....... E 5 Wn-chou F (port), 10, 15, 26, 40. J) 5 Wa-tra li (port), 10, 18, 31, 51 ..... E 3 40 ................. E4 Ta-chcmF.l ................... B3 rate ............................ C6 TangK51 ...................... 03 Yang-cliianc T. T .. ....... 3^5 Tang-^onF. 16, 18, 61 ............ E3 Tng-k'ou m. 61 ................. B4 Tin-an.P ......................... C3 CS Ten-p-ingF ST E4 Yen-ehan h. 33 S3 Ym-chia Wei m. 61 CS Yingc 51 DS Ying-clura F 61 S3 Yingk'ou,35 Fl Ymg-shan, 61 Sefl-^'tun Ftn-foo c BS Yo-ehouF D4 Yuc BS Yuanrchau F. (Chiang-hai) D4 FzZctTwAoM F. (Hn-nan) C4 Yueh-ntiT B4 YSeh-yangh 51 DS Yu-hnc.7. D5 FtZ-rittJ 1 CS Yfin-ch'Sng m. 51 DS Yung-ch^ang F A4 YTmg-chlngh 3T BS Yung-ehouF D4 Ynng-chTm c 30 B4 Yung-k'ang fa 61 F4 Ynng-knng m. (?) 1 B6 Yung-mnge DS Yung-ping F. 33 BS Yung-tkunF D4 Yfin-hoh 47 B4 Ymr-iutf, 25, EL Ynn-nanFuC 25,51, B4 YUr^yang F DS Yfi-shan h, 51 B4 Yu-yangc (?) C4 Ytt-wum. 51 DS BOOKS FOR MISSION STUDY The Evangelization of the World in This Generation, By John R. Mott. Bibliography, analytical index. I2mo, 245 pp. ; paper, 35 cents ; cloth decorated, gilt top, $1.00. It is strong, graphic, and full of fire Epworth Herald It is stimulating, lucid, and convincing, addressing itself, not to the emotions, but to the judgment, yet so spiritual in tone and purpose that It encourages and inspires the reader The Sunday School Times. This is a book to stimulate zeal for the mission cause The Moravian. The book is doubly worth the reading, both for its moving appeal to the universal Christian consciousness and for the timeiy information it gives as to the grand sweep of modern missionary thought and effort, the wide-reaching activities of the present, and the marvelous opportunities of the future The Christian Advocate Nothing better can be found to give, in brief and compendious review, a summary of the missionary outlook of the church at the present hour. Rev. James S. Dennis, D.D , in The Churchman We earnestly commend this work to the attention of ministers and students, and of all who are interested in the missionary enterprise. Free Church of Scotland Monthly. Strategic Points in the World's Conquest: the Universities and Colleges as related to Christian Progress. By John R. Mott. Map. I2mo, 218 pp.; cloth decorated, gilt top, 85 cents. A report of Mr. Mott's observations during his twenty months' tour around the world, in the course of which he visited practically all the colleges and universities, bringing most of them Into affiliation with the World's Student Christian Federation, The Federation is the last tidemark of enlightened scholarship ; it is no empty name which Mr. Mott uses for his book ; he merely translates into four words the meaning of a movement to wed religion to our schools, to confirm the -connection between virtue and intelligence, to garner the treasures of wisdom and piety The Evangelist. New Testament Studies in Missions, being outline studies covering the missionary teachings of the four Gospels and Acts and the Pauline Epistles. By Harlan P. Beach. I2mo, So pp.; interleaved for additional references and MS. notes, outline map; paper, 15 cents. An intelligent use of this book cannot fail to deepen interest in missions, and lead to efficient methods of work.--.Mrzy York Olstroer. It is full of good things for those who use it wisely Jntmul and Messenger. The Healing of the Nations: a Treatise on Medical Missions, Statement and Appeal. By J. Rutter Williamson, M.B. Edinburgh University. Member of the British Medical Asso- ciation. Bibliography. I2mo, 95 pp. ; paper, 25 cents ; cloth, 40 cents. The appeal made by the awful sufferings endnred in the absence of medical relief is made intense by the facts here put before us, and the success of the medical missionary as a pathbreaker for Christ through the jungles of super- stition and prejudice is put beyond a doubt. The Outlook. This is a little volume overflowing with important truth. The Living Church. While the argument is strong and convincing, the devotional spirit that pervades the whole is warm and evincing Presbyterian Review, STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 3 West 29th Street, New York BOOKS FOR MISSION STUDY DKVH on the Hills of T*Mf : or Missions in China. By Harlan P. Beach. Bibliography, analytical index, missionary map, statistics, and outline scheme for studying missions of any Mission Board in China. i2mo, 181 pp.; paper, 35 cents; cloth, 50 cents. This hand-book vividly describes the land, people and religions of China, and gives an interesting account of missionary operations in the Empire. It is a terse, compact and serviceable manual about missions in China, The CongrcgattoitfLlist. It is a valuable treasury of information in itself, and, if desired, can be made the basis of minute and extended study, The Christian Advocate. Furnished with a good map and well indexed, it is a very handy reference manual The Outlook. Mr. Beach, has done his work with characteristic thoroughness; his authori- ties are most trustworthy. Arthur H. Smith, in the Chinese Recorder. Japan and Its Regeneration. By Rev. Otis Gary. Bibliography, statistics, index, and missionary map. I2mo, 137 pp.; paper, 35 cents ; cloth, 50 cents. Written by a Japanese missionary of long" standing: and rare discrimination, it presents in compact form Japan's past and present history, her people and religions, and the work of missions in that Empire It is lucid, trustworthy, and certain to interest every friend of missions and all students of contem- porary history .-^/ifl:/*x Evangelist. A better tnamwJ upon the Japanese Empire and its evangelization coulf scarcely be produced Church Missionary Ivtelhgeneer. A compact, comprehensive, and excellent summary of what is most necet sary to disseminate in the way of information about the country Congrega* Protestant Missions in Sooth America. By Rev. Harlan P. Beach, Canon F. P. L. Josa, Professor J. Taylor Hamilton, Rev. vH. C. Tucker, Rev. C. W. Drees, D.D.; Rev. I. H. LaFetra, Rev. Thomas B. Wood, LL.D., and Mrs. T. S. Pond. Bibli- ography, missionary map, analytical index, general anci missionary statistics, isuio, 230 pp.; paper, 35 cents; cloth, 50 cents. The only volume describing the work of all Protestant Missionary societies laboring in the u Neglected Continent." Having been written by recognized aathonSes in different sections of the continent, it meets an urgent need. The reading orstndy of this volume and its accompanying tables of general and missionary statistics, together with its missionary map, will surely produce strong convictions as to Protestantism's debt to this promising continent of republics. Africa Waiting; or The Problem of Africa's Evangelization. By Douglas M. Thornton. Bibliography, missionary statis- tics, and map. I2mo, 148 pp.; paper, 35 cents. The only comprehensive and recent book of $Trafl compass concerning' the people and missions of Africa. It takes a wide rangegeography, languages and races ; the special prob- lems of each of the four great sections of the Dark Continent ; the slave trade *nd the drink traffic. The Sutut&y School Times. STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 3 West 29th Street, New York