Ross, Cody T.Hooper, Paul L.Smith, Jennifer E.Jaeggi, Adrian V.Smith, Eric AldenGavrilets, SergeyZohora, Fatema TuzZiker, JohnXygalatas, DimitrisWroblewski, Emily E.Wood, BrianWinterhalder, BruceWillführ, Kai P.Willard, Aiyana K.Walker, Karavon Rueden, ChristopherVoland, EckartValeggia, ClaudiaVaitla, BapuUrlacher, SamuelTowner, MarySum, Chun-YiSugiyama, Lawrence S.Strier, Karen B.Starkweather, KathrineMajor-Smith, DanielShenk, MarySear, RebeccaSeabright, EdmondSchacht, RyanScelza, BrookeScaggs, ShaneSalerno, JonathanRevilla-Minaya, CaissaRedhead, DanielPusey, AnnePurzycki, Benjamin GrantPower, Eleanor A.Pisor, AnnePettay, JenniPerry, SusanPage, Abigail E.Pacheco-Cobos, LuisOths, KathrynOh, Seung-YunNolin, DavidNettle, DanielMoya, CristinaMigliano, Andrea BambergMertens, Karl J.McNamara, Rita A.McElreath, RichardMattison, SiobhanMassengill, EricMarlowe, FrankMadimenos, FeliciaMacfarlan, ShaneLummaa, VirpiLizarralde, RobertoLiu, RuizheLiebert, Melissa A.Lew-Levy, SheinaLeslie, PaulLanning, JosephKramer, KarenKoster, JeremyKaplan, Hillard S.Jamsranjav, BayarsaikhanHurtado, A. MagdalenaHill, KimHewlett, BarryHelle, SamuliHeadland, ThomasHeadland, JanetGurven, MichaelGrimalda, GianlucaGreaves, RussellGolden, Christopher D.Godoy, IreneGibson, MhairiMouden, Claire ElDyble, MarkDraper, PatriciaDowney, SeanDeMarco, Angelina L.Davis, Helen ElizabethCrabtree, StefaniCortez, CarmenColleran, HeidiCohen, EmmaClark, GregoryClark, JuliaCaudell, MarkCarminito, Chelsea E.Bunce, JohnBoyette, AdamBowles, SamuelBlumenfield, TamiBeheim, BretBeckerman, StephenAtkinson, QuentinApicella, CorenAlam, NurulMulder, Monique Borgerhoff2023-10-052023-10-052023-05-30C.T. Ross, P.L. Hooper, J.E. Smith, A.V. Jaeggi, E.A. Smith, S. Gavrilets, F.T. Zohora, J. Ziker, D. Xygalatas, E.E. Wroblewski, B. Wood, B. Winterhalder, K.P. Willführ, A.K. Willard, K. Walker, C. von Rueden, E. Voland, C. Valeggia, B. Vaitla, S. Urlacher, M. Towner, C.-Y. Sum, L.S. Sugiyama, K.B. Strier, K. Starkweather, D. Major-Smith, M. Shenk, R. Sear, E. Seabright, R. Schacht, B. Scelza, S. Scaggs, J. Salerno, C. Revilla-Minaya, D. Redhead, A. Pusey, B.G. Purzycki, E.A. Power, A. Pisor, J. Pettay, S. Perry, A.E. Page, L. Pacheco-Cobos, K. Oths, S.-Y. Oh, D. Nolin, D. Nettle, C. Moya, A.B. Migliano, K.J. Mertens, R.A. McNamara, R. McElreath, S. Mattison, E. Massengill, F. Marlowe, F. Madimenos, S. Macfarlan, V. Lummaa, R. Lizarralde, R. Liu, M.A. Liebert, S. Lew-Levy, P. Leslie, J. Lanning, K. Kramer, J. Koster, H.S. Kaplan, B. Jamsranjav, A.M. Hurtado, K. Hill, B. Hewlett, S. Helle, T. Headland, J. Headland, M. Gurven, G. Grimalda, R. Greaves, C.D. Golden, I. Godoy, M. Gibson, C.E. Mouden, M. Dyble, P. Draper, S. Downey, A.L. DeMarco, H.E. Davis, S. Crabtree, C. Cortez, H. Colleran, E. Cohen, G. Clark, J. Clark, M.A. Caudell, C.E. Carminito, J. Bunce, A. Boyette, S. Bowles, T. Blumenfield, B. Beheim, S. Beckerman, Q. Atkinson, C. Apicella, N. Alam, M.B. Mulder. 2023. "Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, Volume 120, Issue 22, pp.e2220124120-. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.22201241200027-84241091-6490https://hdl.handle.net/2144/46827To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women's fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species-including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms.e2220124120-Print-ElectronicenCopyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Egalitarian syndromeInequalityMating systemsMonogamyReproductive skewAnimalsHumansFemaleMaleReproductionSex characteristicsMarriageMammalsSexual behavior, animalArticle2023-07-1010.1073/pnas.22201241200000-0002-0067-4799 (Ross, Cody T)0000-0003-1695-0388 (Jaeggi, Adrian V)0000-0002-9482-9666 (Smith, Eric Alden)0000-0003-1581-4018 (Gavrilets, Sergey)0000-0001-9059-5594 (Ziker, John)0000-0003-1561-9327 (Xygalatas, Dimitris)0000-0002-8187-9429 (Wood, Brian)0000-0001-6560-3302 (Winterhalder, Bruce)0000-0002-3225-5791 (von Rueden, Christopher)0000-0002-2283-2735 (Voland, Eckart)0000-0002-6489-4117 (Urlacher, Samuel)0000-0001-6507-9184 (Sum, Chun-Yi)0000-0003-1279-0006 (Sugiyama, Lawrence S)0000-0003-2520-9110 (Strier, Karen B)0000-0002-1554-4567 (Starkweather, Kathrine)0000-0003-2002-1469 (Shenk, Mary)0000-0002-4315-0223 (Sear, Rebecca)0000-0003-3804-8010 (Seabright, Edmond)0000-0002-4606-7345 (Schacht, Ryan)0000-0003-1223-8588 (Scaggs, Shane)0000-0001-9402-6479 (Salerno, Jonathan)0000-0002-2280-8954 (Pusey, Anne)0000-0002-9595-7360 (Purzycki, Benjamin Grant)0000-0002-3064-2050 (Power, Eleanor A)0000-0002-7768-5883 (Pettay, Jenni)0000-0001-5306-5383 (Perry, Susan)0000-0002-0973-1569 (Page, Abigail E)0000-0002-0992-6905 (Pacheco-Cobos, Luis)0000-0002-7832-457X (Oths, Kathryn)0000-0001-7100-9115 (Moya, Cristina)0000-0002-2456-1262 (Mertens, Karl J)0000-0002-8530-768X (McNamara, Rita A)0000-0002-9537-5459 (Mattison, Siobhan)0000-0001-5442-232X (Madimenos, Felicia)0000-0002-6332-9829 (Macfarlan, Shane)0000-0001-8013-6773 (Liebert, Melissa A)0000-0001-9856-4602 (Leslie, Paul)0000-0002-7398-7358 (Kaplan, Hillard S)0000-0003-1025-4824 (Hurtado, A Magdalena)0000-0003-0655-0014 (Hill, Kim)0000-0002-5661-527X (Gurven, Michael)0000-0002-5605-5591 (Grimalda, Gianluca)0000-0002-2258-7493 (Golden, Christopher D)0000-0003-4405-226X (Godoy, Irene)0000-0001-7963-4759 (Gibson, Mhairi)0000-0001-7671-6759 (Downey, Sean)0000-0002-8880-354X (Davis, Helen Elizabeth)0000-0001-8585-8943 (Crabtree, Stefani)0000-0002-2126-8116 (Colleran, Heidi)0000-0001-6972-4478 (Clark, Gregory)0000-0003-4456-3318 (Caudell, Mark A)0000-0003-4092-485X (Bunce, John)0000-0001-6068-4430 (Bowles, Samuel)0000-0001-5833-0123 (Blumenfield, Tami)0000-0002-8499-7535 (Atkinson, Quentin)0000-0002-1202-4451 (Alam, Nurul)0000-0003-1117-5984 (Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff)834702