Browning, JefferyKelly, Jackson2023-02-092023-02-092022https://hdl.handle.net/2144/45580Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmunological disease mainly categorized by nervous tissue breakdown caused by immune cells targeting the myelin sheath, along with ranging symptoms of disability. The disease has a complex genetic basis with many environmental factors also believed to play a role in pathology. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has the strongest understood genetic link to disease, but many other genes and mechanisms have been identified that likely also have an effect. Environmental factors discussed include viral agents, vitamin D, ultraviolet type B radiation, and birth month, among other factors. Cognition deficits are also sometimes seen in patients. Prevalence of MS varies significantly worldwide, with a so-called latitude effect, sex differences, and other factors increasing or decreasing disease rates. Many MS cases have a relapsing and remitting component, but there are also other somewhat distinct disease states, and often a progressive aspect to disease over time. Diagnosis is often done using the McDonald criteria, but cases can present in many ways and there are other diagnostic tools occasionally used in tandem. Treatment options have expanded in recent years, with injectable, oral, and monoclonal pharmaceutical drugs available as disease modifying therapies. Other treatments, potential future innovations, and treatment goals are mentioned. Physical therapy and exercise are recommended for most MS patients and can help to slow aspects of disability progression. Dietary changes and gut microbiota likely also play a role in disease state and could be adjusted to potentially help reduce symptoms. The Covid-19 pandemic and vaccination has complicated the treatment of MS patients.en-USGeneticsThesis/Dissertation2023-02-04