An experimental approach to assess the effects of coffee extracts on P. gingivalis LPS-treated MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cells
OA Version
Citation
Abstract
Over the past two decades, coffee has become one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, with a notable increase in consumption in the United States. Its health implications, particularly regarding oral diseases such as periodontitis, have gained significant scientific interest. Periodontitis is a complex inflammatory disease caused by a key pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, whose virulence factors including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contribute to tissue destruction and bone loss. Dietary habits, including coffee consumption, can influence periodontal health due to the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of the polyphenols and antioxidants found in coffee, which possess. Despite these potential benefits, research shown both positive and negative effects on periodontitis. This study developed a comprehensive experimental approach to investigate the effects of coffee extracts on P. gingivalis LPS-treated MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cells, aiming to better understand the potential impact of coffee on periodontal disease. LPS 1 µg/ml in distilled water induced cellular responses and preserved cell viability in both cell types. RAW264.7 cells required higher RANKL concentrations (40 ng/ml) with lower seeding densities (8,000 - 16,250 cells/well in 24-well plates) to induce osteoclast formation and maturation. Caffeine exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity to MC3T3 cells, while chlorogenic acid (CGA) and artificial coffee (AC) at low to moderate doses counteracted LPS effects and triggered protective mechanisms at high doses. Conversely, all coffee extracts exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxity to RAW264.7 cells. Moderate doses of artificial coffee extracts enhanced osteogenesis in MC3T3-E1, while high doses decreased viability and mineralization and inhibited osteoclast function in RAW264.7 cells. Our study established an experimental setup and demonstrated that artificial coffee extracts significantly affect inflammation, osteogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis in LPS-treated MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cells. The differing results emphasize the significance of dose and cell type specificity, indicating that additional research is necessary to investigate these interactions, mechanisms of action, and their potential therapeutic applications.
Description
2026
License
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International