Journal of African Christian Biography
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The Journal of African Christian Biography was launched in 2016 to complement and make stories from the on-line Dictionary of African Christian Biography (www.DACB.org) more readily accessible and immediately useful in African congregations and classrooms.
Now published quarterly, with all issues available on line, the intent of the JACB is to promote the research, publication, and use of African Christian biography within Africa by serving as an academically credible but publicly accessible source of information on Christianity across the continent. Content will always include biographies already available in the database itself, but original contributions related to African Christian biography or to African church history are also welcome. While the policy of the DACB itself has been to restrict biographical content to subjects who are deceased, the JACB plans to include interviews with select living African church leaders and academics.
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Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 9, no. 4(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2024) Sigg, Michele; Daneel, Dana L. Robert; Anderson, Allan H.; Fensham, Charles J.; Kaoma, Kapya; Gregory, William (Bill); Kritzinger, J.N.J. (Klippies); Daneel, M.L.[This issue of the Journal of African Christian Biography commemorates the pioneering legacy of Marthinus L. “Inus” Daneel (1936-2024). The impact of his work in missiology and eco-theology through his writing, his advocacy, and his long term friendship with the Shona people will only be fully measured with the long perspective of history. Dana L. Robert Daneel, his beloved wife of 28 years and fellow missiologist, describes him as “one of the greatest, most creative missiologists of the late 20th century…a prophetic theologian” whose forward-looking initiatives were “the wave of the future.”]Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 10, no. 1(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2025) Sigg, Michelle; Parker, Michael; Donatien, Mihala; De Beer, Stephan ; Restrick, Beth[The biographies in this issue of the Journal illustrate the theme of “Pioneers and Perseverance” and the special challenges of first generation Christians in different contexts. Fr. Samaan pioneered a church among a community of outcasts whose suffering for religious, political, and economic reasons was, and continues to be, tremendous in Egyptian society. By allying himself with the Zabbaleen, he took on their stigma and their pain. The pioneers featured here persevered in their witness to the gospel at the risk of their lives and wellbeing. They exhibited what World Christianity scholar Andrew Walls calls “the quality of discipleship,” which is foundational to Christian leadership and is tested by suffering. May the stories of these faithful African witnesses offer us guidance and inspiration for our daily journey with Jesus in whom we live and move and have our being.]Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 9, no. 2/3(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2024) Sigg, Michele; Daneel, Inuss; Wandusim, Michael F.; Donner, Juke B.; Mundedi Bercie, Ba-Dia-Ngungu; Fast, Anicka; Hurlbut, Dima; Restrick, Beth; Dah, Ini Dorcas; Enyegue, Jean Luc, SJ[This double issue of the Journal honors two giants of African Christianity who have died in the past year, Marthinus “Inus” Daneel (1937-June 29, 2024) and Allison Mary Howell (1951-2023). Zimbabwean by birth, Daneel was a pioneering eco-theologian and expert in the early study of African Independent Churches and movements, as well as an ecumenist and an activist on behalf of the Shona people. Howell was Australian and lived as a missionary before becoming a scholar, making her home among the Kasena, in northern Ghana, where she ultimately was buried. Daneel and Howell were both children of missionaries. One powerful aspect of their two separate legacies was their willingness to intimately embrace the people among whom they chose to live and whose religious lives they documented. As a result, the scholarship they left behind for the African and the global church is not the teaching of “armchair theologians,” but instead that of researchers who were first trusted friends and even adopted family members. Their enduring legacies emerge from the richness of intentional relationships n their immediate cultural contexts, in educational institutions with their students, and within the global church and scholarly community at large. Other legacies in this issue are documented with biographies from Ghana, Zimbabwe, and the DR Congo. Michael Wandusim’s account of the life of Ludwig Adzaklo, a pioneering Bible translator, teacher, and catechist, born in late nineteenth century Ghana, challenges us to reflect on how to factor fallen humanity into the assessment of our enduring Christian legacy. Luke Donner’s biography of Bishop Stephen Ndlovu highlights his strong leadership and advocacy for women’s leadership at a time of great political struggle in Zimbabwe and internal conflicts in his own church (Brethren in Christ), all the while maintaining a spirit of collaboration and ecumenism. The story of Rebecca Sengu Mbongu comes to us from the DRC, from the pen of her adopted daughter and accomplished Bible Institute director, Berci Ba-Dia-Ngungu Mundedi. Mundedi has painted in fine detail the life of an outstanding and accomplished servant of God who ministered to others from the depths of her own affliction, putting her Savior and others before her own needs, thus blazing a trail for other women to follow.]Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 9, no. 1(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2024) Sigg, Michèle; Mugambi, Kyama; Mugambi, Jesse; Robert, Dana; Wariboko, Nimi; Glerup, Michael; Walls, Andrew F.; Eastman, David L.; Bantu, Vince L.; Oden, Thomas; Hall, Christopher; Restrick, Beth; Bonk, Jonathan[African Christians from the DACB collection are showcased here as well. We also included a short section on the Gospel writer John Mark later in the issue. This excerpt from Oden’s 2011 book the African Memory of Mark: Reassessing Early Church Tradition (InterVarsity Press.) also includes an important historiographical concept—that of African memory and how it contrasts with Western memory. This volume includes three resources made available by CEAC to JACB readers: the abovementioned lecture by Andrews Walls, a transcript of an interview with Lamin Sanneh, and a selection from We Believe, an Early African commentary on the Nicene Creed. This work, written by Christopher Hall and commissioned by Oden, illustrates the intellectual and spiritual wisdom of the early African church. These resources affirm and complement Oden’s historiographical legacy.]Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 8, no. 4(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2023) Robert, Dana L.; Scott, Michael; Matthews, Zacharia Keodirelang (A); Huddleston, Trevor (B); Buthelezi, Manas; Kistner, Wolfram; Jones, John Derek and Joan Ann; Butler, Alan; Sangaya, Jonathan Douglas; Dodge, Ralph Edward; Mondlane, Eduardo Chivambo; Eurico, Andre Cangovi; Chipenda, Eva de Carvalho; Chipenda, Jose Belo; Samacumbi, Luis; Chipenda Dansokho, Selma; Restrick, Beth; Sigg, Michèle[This issue of the Journal of African Christian Biography highlights some of the entries in the DACB that profile participants in the twentieth-century ecumenical movement in southern Africa. The overwhelming impression one gets of this subject is that of gaps: there is urgent need for more entries that address the myriad ways in which African Christian leaders engaged the ecumenical movement as a network through which to build social capital during the critical period after the Second World War. As African nations became independent of European colonial control, church-educated leaders often acted as global spokesmen for postcolonial visions of society. They cultivated international support structures and led regional independence movements. Ecumenical networks played crucial roles in maintaining structures for education and peace-building in conflictive situations. Nelson Mandela himself, for example, attended Healdtown, a Methodist mission that became the largest high school in the country and educated many of the most important black nationalist leaders at mid century. The entries highlighted in this issue are the tip of the iceberg of what needs to be researched and written. This issue, then, appeals for scholars and church leaders to step up and to provide biographies of “ecumenists”—those who located their commitment to the Body of Christ in an international vision of peace, equality, and justice, in collaboration with other Christians from across Africa and around the world, as well as those who worked at the local level of cooperative church movements.]Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 8, no. 3(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2023) Sigg, Michèle; Sarbah, Cosmas Ebo; Teketwe, Kimeze; Kagema, Dickson Nkonge; Ali, Aweis A.; Terefe, Nebeyou Alemu; Belachew, Tekletsadik; Fast, Anicka; Restrick, Beth[Throughout African Christian history, catechists and evangelists have carried out the lions’ share of the work of mission. Catechists were generally served in Roman Catholic and Anglican churches as lay (non ordained) ministers and indigenous teachers. Their role was to instruct inquirers or new believers in the Christian faith. In Protestant churches, evangelists played an important role in outreach, often preaching in public places to draw people to the church. Their goal was to inspire their listeners to convert to Christianity.1 Many churches had male and female evangelists although the women were often not recognized and remunerated for their service, as the men were. Both catechists and evangelists traveled frequently, moving from village to village as the needs arose. This issue showcases the biographies of three exceptional African missionaries. Fr. Cosmas Sarbah, PhD, writes the story of his grandfather, John E. Sarbah, a catechist in the Roman Catholic Church of Ghana, who performed almost all the work of a parish priest for countless parishes throughout his region filling in where there was a shortage of priests and of European missionaries. Kimeze Teketwe presents the exciting story of Sembera K. Mackay, the first Anglican convert and the first to request baptism in nineteenth century Uganda. Sembera had such an impact through his lifelong ministry as a catechist that the author theorizes that his name might have been chosen to express the Luganda concept of Christian eucharist (communion) – Oku-sembera. Professor Dickson Nkonge Kagema gives us the story of Jerusha Kanyua, an extraordinary woman who ministered as an evangelist, a teacher, a midwife, a prayer warrior, and a prophetess, leaving a lasting legacy in her home region in Kenya.]Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 8, no. 2(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2023) Sigg, Michèle; Musopole, Augustine Chingwala; Hamlen, Mary C. "Polly"; Ross, Kenneth R.; Thiesen, Mark; Fretheim, Sara J.; Restrick, Beth[This issue of the Journal of African Christian Biography, introduces readers to the concept of uMuntu theology— “a reflective life-dancing with God in the cosmos and through time … a celebrative reflection on our being with God.” This is how it is described by our featured theologian, Augustine Chingwala Musopole, author of uMuntu Theology: An Introduction (Mzuni Press, 2018). Exceptionally, his biography is the only article in this issue that describes the life of a historical figure. Next, the stories of two living theologians out of Malawi illustrate the “life-dance” Musopole describes, both in their lives and their writing. Isabel Phiri, a larger-than-life educator-mentor-academic-advocate, is an influential figure among African women theologians and a past leader of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians who has “centered the voices of women in Africa.” Klaus Fiedler is a scholar missionary who has made his home in Malawi for many decades. His scholarship focuses on bringing into the light figures, movements, and issues that are “off the beaten track.” He does this by “inviting us to take a second look at those who have been discounted, (…) excluded, pushed to the margins, not taken seriously.” The excitement of the “life dance with God” also comes through the lines of the report on the church history workshop that took place in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in March. Sixteen men and women from three Mennonite churches participated in an intensive course in global and African Christian history as well as oral history methodology. The purpose was to equip them to write biographies for a book to be published by Langham on African Christian biography—hopefully the first of a DACB series.]Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 8, no. 1(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2023) Sigg, Michèle; Ward, Kevin; Murray, Jocelyn; Sempala, Eddie; Byaruhanga, Christopher; Atine, Wilson; Pirouet, M. Louise; Keyas, Alfred Sheunda; Aram, Ben I.; Marwaale, Tabitha Maria Magdalena; Xasan, Liibaan Ibraahim; Maxamed Xuseen Axmed "Xaaji"; Spindler, Marc R.; Restrick, Beth[This issue of the Journal of African Christian Biography explores the witness of African Christians in situations of revival and survival. African Christian history is replete with instances of these two extremes of Christian faith—when God visits his people in power as the church grows and when he bears his persecuted children in his arms as they breath their last. The East African Revival swept through Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Sudan starting in the 1930s. The effects of the revival were powerful and longlasting in many churches, especially the Anglican Church, and the movement continues even today.]Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 7, no. 4(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2022) Mugambi, Kyama; Lephoko, D.S.B.; Akosa, Ben; Anderson, Allan; Orobator, Agbonkhianmeghe E.; Enyegue, Jean Luc, SJ; Restrick, BethThe many emerging aspects of the phenomenon of Pentecostalism continue to invite new research. In this issue we offer full reviews of several important studies of Pentecostalism in Africa. Zimbabwean researcher Allan Anderson built a large body of work discussing Pentecostalism in Africa. His contributions to the field stand out in their fresh emic analysis of a phenomenon that continues to unfold. Kwabena Asamoah-Gyadu developed theological and ecclesial trajectories in the discussion of Pentcostalism in Africa. Drawing heavily from his Ghanaian context, Asamoah-Gyadu helped define some of the contours of the research which will continue to invite engagement in the future. Another seminal work mentioned in the Book Notes was written by Nigerian scholar Ogbu Kalu before his untimely death in 2009. His book built on Hollenweger’s work to establish a historical basis for African Pentecostalism as a legitimate genre for study in its own right. Kalu’s delineation of the different expressions produced a taxonomy that remains useful today. May the collection of articles in this journal inspire a deeper critical analysis of the phenomenon of Pentecostalism in Africa and yield new research in the future. To complete this issue, we honor the passing of a great father of African theology, Professor Laurenti Magesa, born in Tanzania, with an obituary by Nigerian Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, SJ, and a history of his thought by Jean-Luc Enyegue, SJ, from French-speaking Cameroon.Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 7, no. 2/3(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2022) Ouédraogo, Paul; Stoner-Eby, Anne Marie; Traoré, Kari; Coulibaly, Josué; Kayibanda Nkandi, Michel Ardan; Chimbalanga, Jean Félix; Mubwayele, Abdon Malebe; Mawa Wabala, Jean-Claude Kikweta A; Matsitsa-N’singa, Maurice; Sigg, Michèle; Fast, AnickaIn 2019, a group of Anabaptist-Mennonite historians from around the world gathered for a symposium under the auspices of the Institute for the Study of Global Anabaptism (ISGA) in Goshen, USA. Unanimously, they affirmed that “[a]s followers of Jesus Christ our history connects us, reminds us of the Spirit’s activity among us, and calls us forward into the future.” Today, Mennonite World Conference (MWC) member churches exist in 25 countries in Africa, and African Mennonites and Brethren in Christ in 2018 made up 36% of the 2.13 million baptized Anabaptist-Mennonites worldwide.1 This special issue of the Journal of African Christian Biography, intentionally released in both English and French just prior to the July 2022 MWC Assembly in Indonesia, offers stories of the Anabaptist/Mennonite church as it took vibrant shape in Africa and became a source of renewal beyond its borders, contributing richly to a global Anabaptist movement. At the core of this issue are seven biographies and two church histories. The stories come from western, central, eastern, and southern regions of the continent, with stronger representation from Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burkina Faso. The Christians in these stories experienced the power of the gospel as it entered into confrontation with other powers. They took courageous action to demonstrate the authenticity of their own conversion and boldly shared the good news with others both far and near.Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 7, no. 1(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2022-01) Getui, Mary; Urban-Mead, Wendy; Mahamba, Barbara; Restrick, Beth; Sigg, Michèle; Oborji, Francis Anekwe; Sigg, MichèleA publication of the Dictionary of African Christian Biography with U.S. offices located at the Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University. This issue focuses on: Focus: Archbishop Desmond Tutu (South Africa) and Msgr. Tharcisse Tshibangu (DRC); Deji Isaac Ayegboyin (Nigeria); Women’s stories (Kenya and Zimbabwe) 1. Introduction: Activism, Theology, and Witness with an African Color. 2. Tribute Archbishop Desmond Tutu (1931-2021) & South African Black Theology By Francis Anekwe Oborji. 3. Appendix: A Brief Biography of Desmond Tutu’s Life. 4. Tribute Msgr. Tharcisse Tshibangu (1933 – 2021): Promoter of Theology with an “African Color” By Francis Anekwe Oborji. 5. Interview with Deji Isaac Ayegboyin, DACB Pioneer and Facilitator in Nigeria. 6. Book Review The Power of the Word, *A History of the Seventh-day Adventism in Central Kenya*: Highlighting the Role of Mama Eunice Njoki Wangai By Mary Getui. 7. “Why Can’t We Ordain Nellie?”: Leadership, Faith, and Hagiography in the Life of Nellie Maduma Mlotshwa, Zimbabwe By Wendy Urban-Mead. 8. “A Character Worth Writing About”: Sikhawulaphi Khumalo’s Education and Christian Experiences at Empandeni Mission, Southwestern Zimbabwe, 1900–1940s By Barbara Mahamba. 9. Recent Print and Digital Resources Related to Christianity in Africa Compiled by Beth Restrick, Head, BU African Studies Library.Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 6, no. 4(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2021-10) Sigg, Michèle Miller; Bonk, Jonathan; Kwiyani, Harvey; Ayegboyin, Deji; Oborji, Francis Anekwe; Levine, Roger S.; Restrick, BethA publication of the Dictionary of African Christian Biography with U.S. offices located at the Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University. This issue focuses on: Tributes to Andrew Walls and Benedict Ssettuuma (Uganda); Samuel T. O. Akande (Nigeria). This issue of the Journal of African Christian Biography honors the memory of "Prof." Andrew Finlay Walls and Fr. Benedict Ssettuuma, Jr. It also celebrates the contribution of Dr. Michael Adeleke Ogunewu to the work of the DACB both as an author and a mentor-teacher. One of his biographies, that of Samuel T. O. Akande, is included. The issue also includes a serialized chapter from African Christian Biography by Roger Levine and a new section, "Teaching with the DACB," featuring the reflections of a North American student on what the DACB has taught her.Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 6, no. 3(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2021-07) Manana, Francis; Uka, Emele Mba; Sigg, Michèle Miller; Kalumbete, Bela B.; Way, Yossa; Owusu-Mensa, Kofi; Simeon, James Lomole; Giyasi, Joseph N.; Gaiya, Musa A. B.; Keyas, Alfred Sheunda; Lygunda, Fohle; Protus, Kemdirim O.; Menberu, Dirshaye; Byaruhanga, Christopher; Pindzié, Robert Amadou; Malambugi, Angolwisye Isakwisa; Rasoanalimanga, Berthe Raminosoa; Mukuka, George Sombe; Olabimtan, Kehinde; Omulokol, Watson; Restrick, BethA publication of the Dictionary of African Christian Biography with U.S. offices located at the Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University. This issue focuses on: The Project Luke scholarship program ran from 1999 to 2011 at the Overseas Ministries Study Center where DACB Founder and Director Emeritus Jonathan Bonk served as Executive Director from 2000 to 2013. This issue of the Journal retraces the history of Project Luke by recounting the stories provided by seventeen men and two women in these pages.Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 6, no. 2(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2021-04) Allen, Gabriel Leonard; Frederiks, Martha; Barron, Joshua Robert; Restrick, BethA publication of the Dictionary of African Christian Biography with U.S. offices located at the Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University. This issue focuses on: 200 Years of Wesleyan Methodist Mission in the Gambia: The Beginnings, 1821-1848. 1. Introduction by Contributing Editor Gabriel Leonard Allen; 2. 200 Years of Wesleyan Methodist Mission in the Gambia: The Beginnings, 1821-1848, by Gabriel Leonard Allen; 3. Biographies of John Morgan, John Baker, and William Fox, by Gabriel Leonard Allen; 4. Biographies of John Cupidon and Pierre Sallah by Martha Frederiks. 5. African Christian Theology: Utilizing Social Media, by Joshua Robert Barron; 6. Book notes, compiled by BU Head librarian Frances Beth Restrick (African Studies library).Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 6, no. 1(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2021-01) Sigg, Michèle Miller; Thiani, Evangelos; Iheanacho, Maureen O.; Essamuah, Casely Baiden; Restrick, BethA publication of the Dictionary of African Christian Biography with U.S. offices located at the Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University. This issue focuses on: George Arthur Gatungu Gathuna (Kenya); Philip Kwabi and Daniel Saba (Gold Coast); Casely Essamuah (interview). TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Introduction by Editor Michele Miller Sigg 2. Call for Ecclesial Recognition of Bishop George Arthur Gatungu Gathuna, The Founding Father of the African Orthodox Church of Kenya By Fr. Evangelos Thiani 3. Unknown Pioneers and Unsung Heroes: Forgotten Christian Ancestors of the Gold Coast (Ghana) By Maureen O. Iheanacho 4. Accidental Missionary: Called to a Life of Building Bridges for Christ and His Kingdom An Interview with Casely Baiden Essamuah, Secretary, Global Christian Forum 5. Book notes, compiled by BU Head librarian Frances Beth Restrick (African Studies library)Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 5, no. 4(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2020-10) Mugambi, Jesse N.K.; Bonk, Jonathan; Getui, Mary; Ayegboyin, Isaac Deji; Ogunewu, Michael A.; Obasanjo, Olusegun; Allen, Gabriel Leonard; Oduro, Thomas; Mwaura, Philomena Njeri; Masenya, Madipoane; Kalengyo, Edison Muhindo; Belachew, Tekletsadik; Sigg, Michèle M.A publication of the Dictionary of African Christian Biography with U.S. offices located at the Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University. This special issue is in honor of and focuses on Project Director Jonathan Bonk. 1. Introduction by Associate Editor Jesse Mugambi; 2. DACB Kenya Report 2019 (Excerpts) By Jonathan J. Bonk; 3. Jonathan Bonk and the DACB: A Treasured Contribution to African Christian History By Deji Ayegboyin and M. A. Ogunewu; 4. His Mission and Its Impact on Africa By Olusegun Obasanjo; 5. Professor Jonathan J. Bonk: The African Dimension By Gabriel Leonard Allen; 6. A Strategic Mentor By Thomas Oduro; 7. A Humble Servant of God By Philomena Njeri Mwaura; 8. Biography as History in Explication of African Christianity A Reflection in Appreciation of Professor Jonathan Bonk By Jesse N. K. Mugambi; 9. Context in African Biblical Studies: Some Reflections By Madipoane Masenya (Ngwan’a Mphahlele); 10. The Faith and Witness of the Uganda Martyrs By Edison Muhindo Kalengyo; 11. From Abba Salama to King Lalibela: Christian Traditions in Ethiopia are among the oldest in the World By Tekletsadik Belachew; 12. A Faithful Legacy: Gratitude and Hope By Michèle M. Sigg.Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 5, no. 3(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2020-07) Oborji, Francis Anekwe; Fretheim, Sara J.; Ecolatse, Esther; Nkwi, Paul; Dayhoff, Paul; Restrick, Beth; Sigg, Michèle MillerA publication of the Dictionary of African Christian Biography with U.S. offices located at the Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University. This issue focuses on: 1. "Tribute: Legendary Pioneer African Theologian Charles Nyamiti" by Francis Anekwe Oborji; 2. "'Jesus! Say It Once Again and the Matter Is Settled': The Life and Legacy of Oral Theologian Madam Afua Kuma of Ghana (1908-1987)" by Sara J. Fretheim; 3. Interview of Dr. Emmanuel Evans-Anfom by Dr. Esther Ecolatse; 4. Interview of Cardinal Christian Wiyghan Tumi by Prof. Paul Nkwi; 5. Remembering Paul Dayhoff; 6. Book Notes, by Beth Restrick;Item Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 5, no. 2(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2020-04) Sigg, Michèle Miller; Hughes, Heather; Essamuah, Casely; Mugambi, Kyama; Restrick, BethItem Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 5, no. 1(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2020-01) Brockman, Norbert; Lipschutz, Mark R.; Rasmussen, R. Kent; Mabiala, Tsimba; Belcher, Wendy Laura; Heywood, Linda; Restrick, BethItem Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 4, no. 4(Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2019-10) Oborji, Francis Anekwe; Ilo, Stan Chu; Allen, Leonard; Grey-Johnson, Nana; Enyegue, Jean Luc, SJ; Restrick, Beth; Sigg, Michele